Challenges Women Confronted in the 1990s Essay - 2209 Words

Four important challenges confronted women in the 1990s: increasing practical literacy, gaining access to employment opportunities at all levels in the economy, promoting change in the perception of women’s roles and status, and gaining a public voice both within and outside political process. There have been various attempts at social and legal reform aimed at improving women’s lives during the twentieth century. Indeed there may be contradictions inherent in the gender agenda of some nationalist projects, yet more and more steps are being taken so women can participate actively in programs especially in the area of the physical sciences. This is an area where women are now becoming more and more recognized. In the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦Muslim societies, in general, appear to be far more concerned with trying to control women’s bodies and sexuality than with their human rights. They either do not speak of women’s rights at all, or are mainly concerned with how women’s chastity may be protected (Abdullah, 1988). Women are the targets of the most serious violations of human rights, which occur in Muslim societies in general. Muslims say with great pride that Islam abolished female infanticide; true but it must also be mentioned that one of the most common crimes in a number of Muslim countries is the murder of women by their husbands. These so-called â€Å"honor-killings† are, in fact, extremely dishonorable and are frequently used to camouflage other kinds of crimes (ibid). Female children are discriminated against from the moment of birth, for it is customary in Muslim societies to regard a son as a gift, and a daughter as a trial from God. Therefore, the birth of a son is an occasion for celebration while the birth of a daughter calls for commiseration if not lamentation. Many girls are married when they are still minors, even though marriage in Islam is a contract and presupposes that the contracting parties are both consenting adults. Even though so much Qur’anic legislation is aimed at protecting the rights of women in the context of marriage, women cannot claim equality with their husbands. The husband, in fact, is regarded as his wife’s gateway to heaven or hell and the arbiter of herShow MoreRelatedFeminist Student Culture And The Issues Of Postsecondary Education946 Words   |  4 Pagespaper analyzes the perspectives of women and men and whether they support or are against feminist student culture. Lastly, the paper discusses re commendations and future research for student affairs professions to maintain feminist student culture in higher education. Understanding feminism Feminism in the United States is often separated into three waves (Vaccaro, 2009, Vernet Butera, 2005). The first wave began during the late 1800s to early 20th century, women began fighting for gender equalityRead More The Evolution of the American Television Family Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pageswhile warm and humorous, confronted delicate social issues, such as sensitivity due to the Second World War. It is an excellent example of an ethnic family’s status in society. A classic among classics, I Love Lucy appeared on television on October 15, 1951, (http://www.nick-at-nite.com/tvretro/shows/ilovelucy/index.tin). The series’ premise focused on the antics of a nonsensical wife who beguiles her easily angered husband. The series created the men-versus-women standard on television,Read MoreHow Do China Born Immigrants Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Question 4: How do China-born immigrants in the GTA describe the challenges and successes in starting their own businesses as entrepreneurs? Three themes emerged for this research question: (a) Troubled marriages; (b) Raising funds; and (c) Opportunities to help other newcomers. Following is a discussion of each of these themes. Theme 1: Troubled marriages. Of 21 participants, six (P1, P2, P8, P11, P12, and P18) experienced trouble in their marriages after they landed in Canada. ThreeRead MoreDual Career Coupling: An Emerging Paradigm In Banking Sector.1413 Words   |  6 Pagesneelam1613@yahoo.co.in 1. INTRODUCTION: Dual coupling has created many issues in banking sector as both husband and wife are working which brings certain issues and challenges. As in banking sector work is not seasonal. Banks are opened in whole year and employees in banks do not avail many holidays as compare to other institutions. In banking sector women still get leave like maternity leave but males’ do not get enough leave so that he can spend time with his family which create frustration and can createRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1423 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a general concern for the human rights of all employees in the work place, due to the demographic changes in ethnic, religious, and racial tensions in the world this brings a challenge to the government and employers to find solutions in diversity and discrimination issues. Discrimination may be appeared to be prevalent, this may cause unemployment. Anti-discrimination policies have been employed to combat discrimination in the workplace, however nothing has been done to analyse the policyRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy For Children Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesBackground/HX: Walter entered the Ambitions Community Protection Program in August 1996. He has been diagnosed with Mild Mental Retardation. He has spent the majority of his life in residential care: Source Child Center 1986-1988, Toutle River Boys Ranch 1990-1991, Community Residential Crisis Center 1991, and RTS 1991-1996. Walter was adjudicated of Indecent Liberties in 1991 for sexually assaulting a peer male while at the CRC. He was sentenced to Maple Lane for a period of five months from May 1991-1996Read MoreFirst Social Impact On Changing Career Models1453 Words   |  6 PagesIndia among developing countries climbed to the top nation in the outsourcing market, particularly in service offshore outsourcing. Since 1990, the government of India has engaged on the strategy of economic innovation through privatization and liberalization to stimulate the development of domestic entrepreneur spirit (Sharma Chen, 2008). Since the early 1990s, the software and IT industries in India have been increasing at approximately 50% per year, and were predicted to account for 7% of GDPRead MoreAppropriation Of A Key Text From The Past1364 Words   |  6 PagesYear 11 Preliminary Extension English 2015 Essay: Appropriation of a Key Text From the Past Pygmalion – George Bernard Shaw Pretty Woman – Garry Marshall (dir.) 1990 Question: How have the texts you have studied explored social values? George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion and its appropriation, the movie Pretty Woman directed by Garry Marshall both explore the social values of class, namely the construction of the class system and class divisions, individual independence of the female heroine inRead MoreFreedom Isn t Free : Combating Terrorism1709 Words   |  7 PagesConstitutional Liberties Derek Davis Liberty University CJUS 400 – B02 Johnny Sanders â€Æ' Freedom Isn’t Free: Combatting Terrorism Means Setting Aside Constitutional Liberties Throughout history, America has been confronted by opponents who wish to challenge its sovereignty. Over time, these challenges have been coined terrorism, and those that engage in terrorism have been known as terrorists. While allowing terrorism to thrive is an option that the leader of the free world rejects, the effects of combattingRead MoreImmigration And The United States1430 Words   |  6 Pages Without the right to vote and stay in the U.S. legally, immigrants have little power to change oppressive social structures. Given the dramatically growing immigrant population in the U.S., multicultural social justice counselors are confronted with a challenge to provide culturally responsive services for this population that includes individual and community advocacy that leads towards harmonious race relations and the building of peaceful communities. The immigrant category consists of three

A Swirling Spectrum Of Blues And Yellows Essay - 2007 Words

A swirling spectrum of blues and yellows is what captivates most anyone when they see â€Å"Starry Night† by Vincent Van Gogh. However, the way Van Gogh created this painting, along with all of his other masterpieces, is what most viewers give little thought. Van Gogh has a signature look to each of his paintings. His unique style is marked by the thick, short, layered brush strokes that make up his paintings. This type of brushwork is very much obvious in each of his pieces, â€Å"Starry Night† in particular. As noted in an article by Maria Popova, it is thought that Van Gogh suffered from various mental illnesses in his lifetime, including anxiety and depression, as well as having experienced symptoms of bipolar disorder (Popova). Each of these conditions had some type of affect on his brain; therefore, it is possible that his dramatized brush strokes were a consequence of his mental state. Though every artist has characteristic attributes to their work, the distincti ve style of art that is produced by those who suffer from mental disturbances, like Van Gogh, may simply be a symptom of their disease. Each mental illness affects a specific area of the brain, which is what causes both behavioral and mood changes among those who are afflicted. Therefore, the stylistic characteristics within artwork created by those who have a mental illness may simply be an uncontrollable action of the artist’s subconscious. This theory can be examined by studying artwork produced by the mentally illShow MoreRelatedVincent Van Gogh Painting Analysis Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages Fig. 2 Autumn Landscape 1885 Autumn Landscape was another one of Van Gogh’s early paintings. In this piece he used great detail and beautiful color. This painting includes calm shades of red, yellow and brown. Van Gogh used short brush strokes in this piece with some being bolder than others. This painting shows great balance with the placement of trees and plants. He created this piece from a person’s standpoint on the ground which gives theRead MoreVan Goghs Starry Night Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesletters to his brother Theo to express his mental war within himself. It was in the asylum that the most famous painting came to exist. Vincent had a great imagination because he could not see the night sky. â€Å"Starry Night† shows a night sky with swirling clouds, and eleven stars illumining their existence with a crescent moon standing in a bright alluring motion. The motion in the sky keeps your attention as you move your eyes about the painting. Below the hillside horizon sits a peaceful aspectRead MorePhotosynthetic And The Function Of Eukaryotic Organelles That Are Crucial For The Survival Of All Life On This Planet2110 Words   |  9 Pagesinto chemical energy (ATP to NADPH). This is then stored in sugars (happens in dark reactions) and other fuels. This reaction underpins all life on earth. Light energy travelling from the sun has visible lights which consist of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and indigo while invisible lights are ultraviolet and infrared light. In this study spinach leaves consisting living chloroplast will be isolated to investigate photosynthesis. This will be used to analyse the structure and the functionRead MoreOrganic Chemistry Labora tory1874 Words   |  8 PagesRevision 1.1 Isolation of Lycopene from Tomato Paste using Column Chromatography In this laboratory exercise we will isolate the pigment Lycopene from tomato paste. In a follow up lab, we will examine the UV-VIS spectrum of Lycopene, isomerize it and then examine the isomer’s spectrum for comparison. Lycopene, the red pigment of the tomato, is a C40-carotenoid made up of eight Isoprene units; making it a tetraterpene. Other sources of the compound include: Vegetable Source Gac Tomato Read MoreHow Aurora Borealis Works : Statement Of The Problem1906 Words   |  8 PagesAuroras on Earth are commonly identified to come in the colors pink, green, yellow, blue and violet. They are also observed to come in orange and white, although this is a rare encounter. One factor for the resulting colors present in the Aurora is the atoms and molecules the electrons are colliding with. When an Aurora is seen to be yellow or green, the electrons are colliding with oxygen. When red, violet and sometimes blue, it is colliding with nitrogen. Another factor for the resulted observationRead MoreSynthesis and Component Analysis of an Iron (Iii) Oxalate Complex7868 Words   |  32 Pagesof light shifts into the visible spectrum and the complex appears more intensely colored (to the human eye). In this experiment, the iron (III) is released by the addition of Ca2+, which helps to precipitate out the C2O42-, leaving behind the iron (III). The solution is centrifuged to remove this precipitate, leaving the iron ion behind to complex with the bipyridyl. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent because it does not absorb in the visible spectrum of light. The reaction below occursRead MoreSynthesis and Component Analysis of an Iron (Iii) Oxalate Complex7868 Words   |  32 Pagesof light shifts into the visible spectrum and the complex appears more intensely colored (to the human eye). In this experiment, the iron (III) is released by the addition of Ca2+, which helps to precipitate out the C2O42-, leaving behind the iron (III). The solution is centrifuged to remove this precipitate, leaving the iron ion behind to complex with the bipyridyl. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent because it does not absorb in the visible spectrum of light. The reaction below occursRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesE-Chargers Supplier (see handout provided by instructor) Spin Master Toys (C): Keeping E-Chargers Wings On (see handout provided by instructor) 8 PROJECT SCHEDULING 293 279 Crosby Manufacturing Corporation 9 PROJECT EXECUTION 299 295 The Blue Spider Project 301 Corwin Corporation 317 Quantum Telecom 329 The Trophy Project 331 Concrete Masonry Corporation 334 Margo Company 343 Project Overrun 345 The Automated Evaluation Project 347 The Rise and Fall of Iridium 351 Missing Person-Peter Leung

Nurse Patient Communication Free Essays

According to the article, â€Å"Nurse-Patient Communication Barriers in Iranian Nursing† (Anoosheh et al, 2009) communication is one of the basic social needs of human beings. This article is the description of a study done to better understand the barriers that inhibit nurse-patient communication. Communication is critical in the nursing profession and can be considered a main aspect of nursing care. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse Patient Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Patients and families count on nurses to keep them informed, help them feel connected to their physicians and other caregivers, to listen to them, to ease their anxiety, and to protect and watch over them during their healthcare experience. However, many studies (Anoosheh et al. 2009) have shown poor results in the quality of nurse –patient communication. There is the risk that nurses can become focused on tasks, physiological needs of the patient and time management at the expense of psychological needs. I am a firm believer that the psychological aspect of human beings can directly influence our physical state. I agree with the statement in the article that communication can be, â€Å"an essential part of nursing care but also as a treatment by itself† (Anoosheh et al. 2009). As I give care in my nursing practice I can improve communication by confirming patient feelings by asking questions such as, â€Å"How are you feeling today? † or â€Å"How do you feel about your upcoming procedure? †. To help patients know what to expect I can explain what care I will be performing, how long it will take and what their role may be. Another aspect that is necessary for quality patient care is collaborating with the patient by asking questions like, â€Å"What can we do better? † and, â€Å"How is the treatment working? † These patient centered questions can get patients talking about their thoughts and feelings. With a positive nurse patient relationship, there can be patient and family satisfaction and an environment that supports healing. How to cite Nurse Patient Communication, Papers

Post-Conflict Reconstruction Intervention and Reconstruction In Sierr

Question: Discuss about thePost-Conflict Reconstructionfor Intervention and Reconstruction In Sierra Leone. Answer: Project Description: Sierra Leone, a state that has been elusive of peace for over a decade, witnessed to a horrifying civil war that began in 1991. In the early months of 2002, President Kabbah formally declared the end of the conflict, leading to the beginning of the reconstruction. In 1999, Lome Peace Agreement was signed but peace became a disillusion factor for the people of Sierra Leone, as fighting continued. Cause of Conflict in Sierra Leone: As per the report of Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone, the conflict in the country was due to reasons such as prevalent corruption, bad governance and refutation of primary human rights, leading to a widespread rage which made conflict unavoidable (Turner Houghton, 2015). Causes of conflict in Sierra Leone has many perceptions, one being that the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) started its terror campaign against their Government because of the abusive behavior meted out to them. But that campaigns idea quickly turned into something very worse. The RUF was left behind with a team comprising of criminals who were devoid of any social or political objective. Initially the thought level was that diamonds have been the factor for Sierra Leones civil war, but that was negated when people started talking about the collapse of institutions as the main cause for triggering a collapse in the country. The peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone started in 1999, and the United Nations Integrated Peace building Office was created in 2008, overtaking that peacekeeping mission that got developed way back in the late 90s. The whole idea of such an agency was to promote and protect the human rights along with offering the required political advice to the local Government. The present Sierra Leone President, Ernest Bai Koroma along with the U.N. chief Ban ki-moon stated that UNIPSIL will be withdrawn with immediate effect from the country, which indicated Sierra Leone has come a long way from being a country inflicted with wars. As stated by the U.N chief Sierra Leone is an example of a successful Post-conflict reconstruction. Peace along with long term improvement and stability is what Sierra Leone has transformed it into. Nature of Mission: The largest United Nations peacekeeping mission set out for Sierra Leone along with assistance from United Kingdom and the United States to set things right in the devastated country. The country was fortunate enough to receive a lot of international aid from the international community (Farah Handa, 2016). Leading groups like the Department of International Development and United Nation Mission in Sierra Leone worked on four objectives: reintegration, rehabilitation, repatriation and reconstruction. Sierra Leones reconstruction cost the United Nations $16.6 billion per year. The United Kingdom and the United States were not far either in providing monetary help to the country. The aim was to build the schools, clinics and homes that have been demolished in the war. Free elections were also conducted to bring in a sense of democracy among people. These efforts were short term in matters related to peace but hold an important part in the history of Sierra Leone. UNAMSILs mission was to ensure the safety and security of the people of Sierra Leone; the civilians were protected against any major threat of physical violence. The agencys main responsibility was to co-operate the Government of the affected country and bring each and every party of the country to the table for a unified peace agreement. Key Mission/Project Success: The United Nations Mission Nations in Sierra Leone has been a success story. It has been very active in rebuilding the countrys infrastructure and giving local communities the opportunity to get the services of the government. It has also been effective in disarming a lot of youths in Sierra Leone. Moreover, it has played an important part in assisting the local government to fight and stop the illegal trading of diamonds and control the industry (Shaw, 2014). It was during the war time that insurgents used money from blood diamonds to purchase weapons which gave rise to such a conflict. The success factors of UNAMSIL were that it was able to align the political will with the required necessary resources. The international power commuters hailed the success of this mission with the right authorization and resources taken into account. Moreover, there was alignment of the military force with the stability programs helping in formation of a positive alternative to conflict like Demobil ization and Reintegration (DDR) and other projects related to civil affairs. This agency had to face a lot of challenges during its stay in that country. RUF did inflict a lot of damage to the organization, kidnapping hundreds of peacekeepers at one point of time, this lead to a chaos situation the country, with extreme pressure from the international community over the rebels to obey the ceasefire rules. UNAMSIL and other collaborators worked together to reconstruct the law system of the country, providing training to the local police power. The agency has been very effective in completing works that has been assigned to it by the Security Council. It also helped the country experience its first ever free election in a fair way. Human rights was the one thing missing from the table of Sierra Leone, which was restored by this mission, along with setting up a special court for putting people on trial responsible for war crime (Roome, Raven Martineau, 2014). The mission has also been successful in co-operating with other agencies of the UN to generate projects of income, especially for the local youth who have been the worst sufferers during that civil war. They also funded in agricultural projects along with providing free medical facility to the remote areas of the country. UNAMSIL was not short of any challenges while working in Sierra Leone. UNAMSILs challenge included helping the Government in organizing a fair election in 2002. It did everything from supplying equipments of communication, logistical support and providing security. The election procedures were a success with people with voters flocking to the polls. The next challenge that lied ahead of the UNAMSIL was to reintegrate the ex-fighters into the society of Sierra Leone and providing resettlement for the persons who have been internally displaced. In order to meet those challenges the Security Council put up a new mission: the United Nations Integrated Office for Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) to help bring serenity to the country. The main job of UNIOSIL was to strengthen the work of the UNAMSIL and assist government in fixing the long problem of human rights and hold more free elections that can give Sierra Leone a democratic society (Nilsson Kovacs, 2013). Key Mission Challenges and Failures: Bad Governance: If a countrys Government is lacking democracy, then it acts as a potential threat to both its peace and security. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has stated that their main objective as a part of the reconstruction process is to promote good governance and transparency associated with its works. Different agencies of different countries have provided the world with the same statement that the Sierra Leone Government is highly corrupted at different levels (Jackson, 2015). The lifestyle of the officials representing the countrys Government was the prime example on how much corruption has eaten up the whole system. It was disheartening to see the poor suffering directly because of this corruption. The people of Sierra Leone barring those government officials were deprived of the basic services. All the funds that came through were taken in by the government officials, leaving a few or almost nothing for the general people (Shepler, 2014). If the judicial system is handicapped then nothing can be done to solve the crime and corruption in the country. Extortion and bribery took over the whole judicial system of the country. Poor people were accused of one thing or the other and they were put behind bars without and proper trial. Another reason for bribery and extortion was the low salary factor of magistrates, judges and the prosecutors. According to Monk Mundy, (2014), cases were remaining pending in the judicial courts, giving rise to the power of Paramount Chief Courts, where executives were enjoying more authority and control. Unemployment of the Young and the Strong: One of the major causes of the Sierra Leone civil war was the continuous injection of the youth blood into the Revolutionary United Front or the RUF (Perrin, 2013). The reason for such a happening was not because of the youths inclination towards war, but due to the lack of social incentives and poverty which played a major part in them choosing that path. They were suffering economically and politically and the failure of state institutions forced them to join the RUF and take part in the civil war (Boersch-Supan, 2014). Over the past decade one of the greatest failures of this reconstruction of Sierra Leone has been in its economic front. Sierra Leone has been ranked 176th out of the 177 countries by the UNDP Human Development Index, where life expectancy of people is just 41 years. It has been mostly affected by illiteracy and poverty. Around 65% of its population has remained illiterate and 70% of it has been living in poverty in Sierra Leone (Hultman, L., Kathman Shannon, 2013). Poverty is a factor that has the power to cripple any society, and unemployment of youths resulted in them choosing the wrong paths of life. There was no absolute meaning to what they were doing, but only causing massive destruction in the face of humanity. Unemployment affected three fourth of the Sierra Leones property, mostly aging between 18-35 years. Another major factor that needs to be focused on is that the people who were employed were not paid properly, or at times not paid at all. Therefore, it became impossib le for them to free themselves from the clutches of the poverty. Sierra Leones reconstruction focused on matters that required immediate solution like demobilization and disarmament of their past combatants. Hostility has always been a part of Sierra Leone, and it was evident when the UN peacekeepers faced a setback. Several peacekeepers died while many were taken hostage by the rebels in order to satisfy their demands. The peace process was severely affected when the main rebel group continued its attack on the agencys people, taking around 500 people captive only to release them a week later. Criticism was leveled against the UNAMSIL stating that the people constituted of the UNAMSIL were under trained and not properly equipped which made their job more difficult. UNAMSIL was organized to add a new element to the Sierra Leone conflict, but it itself became a victim of the situation. Lessons Learned: Sierra Leones reconstruction has seen success in many ways. But then injustice and corruption is still very much a part of the countrys system. Both the peace-building and state-building should remain at the same level in order to make reconstruction a successful affair (Wong, 2016). If the state-building is in failing, then it would affect peace. The situation of Sierra Leone provides a learning lesson for the international community on the basis of reconstruction. The UNAMSILs mission did have a lot of lessons to be taught to others thinking of a post-conflict reconstruction. Working in an alienated country which posed so much of threat at every single moment is a huge risk. The agency has tried a lot in lessening the extortion, bribery factors present in the system of Sierra Leone. Such things do not change overnight. Though the fight is still on and according to the U.N. general peacekeeping process in Sierra Leone would continue. Corruption Needs to be Curbed and Justice is to be Promoted: It is very hard for post-conflict societies to come out clear from the dark past of theirs. It is essential on the part of the donors and the international community to end corruption the country where reconstruction is taking place (Brck, Naud Verwimp, 2013). In Sierra Leones case it was the formation of Anti-Corruption Commission by the donors that became a significant part. However, the sole idea of creating such an association was not fulfilled. Continuous interference of Government and lack of any proper cooperation has made the Commission an ineffective agency. It is up to the international community to pressurize the local government to inflict prosecutorial powers into the Commission. The judiciary system of Sierra Leone needs to be reformed too with suggestions from the International Crisis Group (Roseth, B., Srivastava, 2013). It is highly imperative on the part of the Government officials to declare the financial assets they are holding before they hold on to any governm ent posts. The salary system needs to be fair so that the corruption gets diminished from all the levels of the government. As per Glennerster, Miguel Rothenberg, 2013), one of the most important lessons that needs to be learned from the case of Sierra Leone is that international involvement for state building needs to be a prolong affair. It is important from their part to monitor and analyze the whole situation, what decisions has been made in the post conflict situation and how it has turned out to be. Things should not get jeopardized in the reconstruction process of a country. Corruption is very heavy in Sierra Leone and the international agencies should work together more aggressively in stopping that forever because corruption would not let Sierra Leone go forward. Providing the Youth with the Hope for Future: The true meaning of reconstruction is to rebuild the schools, colleges, hospital buildings that were brought down during the civil war. But surprisingly these are just the small part of the reconstruction process. The problem with Sierra Leone is that the international community neglected certain important points in order to bring in peace which was short lived. The things of high priority were the education factor, economical development and reinstating the basic services for the people of Sierra Leone (Bertone et al., 2014). Proper results need to be accessed to find out how much of all this have been accomplished. The main focus should be on the health segment and the educational aspect of the people. Until and unless the youth are provided with proper education and health facilities, they will not be able to do something meaningful in their life which has long being absent from their lives. Big spending is required in the reconstruction process which was not visualized incase of Sierra Leone. Certain public projects were conducted by the donors, but not anything on large scale. The consequences of the World Bank and IMF on at-risk populations should be considered by the donors, as for the youth of Sierra Leone. It is imperative on the part of the international community to understand the actual needs of the people of Sierra Leone and the affects of the reconstruction activities have on the whole country. A war can never be good for any country and same has been with Sierra Leone. It cannot be said that Sierra Leone is free from everything that crippled their society once. Corruption and unemployment still remains the highest priority for the country. It is very important to concentrate on things that have been left undone, rather than focusing on things that have been done and implemented. The whole process should be transparent enough for everybody to understand what reconstruction is going on and how beneficial it would be for the society. It is not possible in the short process, so enough time has to be invested in building a failed state. Reference: Bertone, M. P., Samai, M., Edem-Hotah, J., Witter, S. (2014). A window of opportunity for reform in post-conflict settings? The case of human resources for health policies in Sierra Leone, 20022012.Conflict and health,8(1), 1. Boersch-Supan, J. (2014). Atrocities, Diamonds and Diplomacy: The inside story of the conflict in Sierra Leone.African Affairs,113(450), 139-141. Brck, T., Naud, W., Verwimp, P. (2013). Business under fire entrepreneurship and violent conflict in developing countries.Journal of Conflict Resolution,57(1), 3-19. Farah, I., Handa, S. (2016). Exploring Post-conflict Reconstruction in Somalia: Pulling apart or pulling togetherquest.Development,58(1), 112-116. Glennerster, R., Miguel, E., Rothenberg, A. D. (2013). Collective action in diverse Sierra Leone communities.The Economic Journal,123(568), 285-316. Hultman, L., Kathman, J., Shannon, M. (2013). United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protection in civil war.American Journal of Political Science,57(4), 875-891. Jackson, P. (2015). Whose Justice in Sierra Leone? Power, Security and Justice in Post-Conflict Reconstruction. InEvaluating Transitional Justice(pp. 197-215). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Monk, D., Mundy, J. (2014).The Post-Conflict Environment. University of Michigan Press. Nilsson, D., Kovacs, M. S. (2013). Different paths of reconstruction: military reform in post-war Sierra Leone and Liberia.International peacekeeping,20(1), 2-16. Perrin, K. (2013). Book review: War and embodied memory: becoming disabled in Sierra Leone.LSE Review of Books. Roome, E., Raven, J., Martineau, T. (2014). Human resource management in post-conflict health systems: review of research and knowledge gaps.Conflict and health,8(1), 1. Roseth, B., Srivastava, V. (2013). Engaging for results in civil service reforms: early lessons from a problem-driven engagement in Sierra Leone.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6458). Shaw, R. (2014). The TRC, the NGO and the child: young people and post?conflict futures in Sierra Leone.Social Anthropology,22(3), 306-325. Shepler, S. (2014).Childhood deployed: remaking child soldiers in Sierra Leone. NYU Press. Turner, C., Houghton, R. (2015). Constitution making and post-conflict reconstruction. Routledge. Wong, P. H. (2016). How can political trust be built after civil wars? Evidence from post-conflict Sierra Leone.Journal of Peace Research, 0022343316659334.

Hypochondriasis Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back Essay Example

Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back Paper The word hypochondriasis is derived from ancient Greek word hypochondria . It is made up of hypo-, meaning â€Å"under,† and khondros (khondria is the neuter pleural), meaning â€Å"cartilage†, specifically the cartilage of the breastbone. The word reflects the belief that the viscera of the hypochondria was the source of vapor that caused anxiety and melancholy. Hypochondriasis is the modern medical term for the condition and hypochondria is considered the lay term. Hypochondriasis is a disorder in which the patient misinterprets normal bodily symptoms such and a headache, or a cough as much more serious diseases. A typical hypochondriac may interpret symptoms of the common cold as symptoms of lung cancer. He/she may go to the doctor, be tested for different diseases, only to seek help from different physicians when the results turn up negative. Hypochondria is on the spectrum of anxiety disorders, but also has traits of somatization disorders. However, a hypochondriacs chief focus is not symptoms, but the cause of them. Hypochondria has been around since ancient times and is one of the oldest disorders documented. as been considered the male counterpart to hysteria, since hysteria was considered the symptom of a andering uterus and only females could have that. It is now known that hypochondria affects both men and women in equally serious ways. Although hypochondria is a serious disorder, it has been a popular subject in humor. Hypochondriacs are often stereotyped as being quirky individuals, constantly suffering from an imaginary ailment, sometimes going to comical lengths to cure themselve s. In addition to being stigmatized by society, hypochondriacs may also have difficulties with physicians. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They tend to be very demanding patients, booking frequent appointments, demanding nnecessary tests and treatment. Hypochondriacs may even have four or five doctors with whom they go back and forth seeking different opinions. They may also have difficulties with family and friends due to their constant maladies. They may go into debt due to medical expenses, and be very emotionally demanding. Unfortunately, there is not much known about the causes of hypochondria at the moment. However, life experiences, such as a family member becoming seriously ill, an acute awareness to physical feeling, and predisposition to anxiety all may play a role. Most hypochondriacs will also suffer rom other anxiety disorder such as panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorders. My experience with hypochondria happened after my father became ill with lung cancer. I had always been an anxious person, and have always had a slight preoccupation with my health. I have found that I display very similar trait to someone suffering with obsessive compulsive disorder. For instance, when I experience a new â€Å"symptom,† I must examine myself periodically in order to soothe myself. Unfortunately, this cycle only perpetuates the condition. It causes a sort of positive feedback eaction, which in turn causes me to examine more and more, until it gets to the point where I must go to the doctor or the emergency room. In the modern world, a common trigger for hypochondria is the internet. â€Å"Cyberchondria† is a colloquial term describing someone who searches symptoms on the internet. Websites such as WebMD provide information on many disease. A hypochondriac may mistakenly match their symptoms up with serious diseases and become very distressed. In my experience, there are many times where I have looked up not only symptoms, but for support groups discussing hypochondria. It has helped, but in any ways has also made the anxiety worse. Many times, I have found, support group will end up becoming a gathering of hypochondriacs feeding off of each others disorders, giving bad advice and triggering anxiety. At the moment, the best treatment for hypochondria is a mix of medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. Generally, an antidepressant will be prescribed. Current research has been showing positive results from fluoxetine, an SSRI also known as Prozac. I will be discussing the cognitive behavioral therapy approach. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach that focuses on the thoughts and behaviors associated with hypochondria. It is also used for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorders. Since hypochondria has similarities between the two, it is believed to be an effective treatment. Many of the behaviors of hypochondria are associated with anxiety due to a perceived threat. The intensity of the anxiety will generally vary from a small feeling of discomfort to a full blown panic attack. In my experience, the hypochondria first started with a panic attack, which I believed was due to a heart attack at the time. I had an intense tightness in my chest, a lightheaded feeling, as though I were bout to faint, which is a partially loss of vision (also known as a gray out). After the initial attacks, I experienced chest pains every so often and still associated them with heart issues, even though I had gone to the emergency room twice. One behavior, which is strikingly similar to obsessive compulsive disorder is checking. A hypochondriac may check his pulse, examine himself, weigh himself frequently due to the fear of wasting away. Sometimes, checking may even exacerbate symptoms, such as someone constantly. feeling for signs of oral cancer may cause sores due to irritation. When I have checked myself, it has often involved using a home blood pressure monitor as well as feeling for lumps and swollen glands. It tends to be a compulsion, and often becomes habitual. Often, it is very difficult to treat hypochondria, since the patients tend to be so convinced that there is something gravely wrong. One of the biggest roadblocks in treatment is reassurance seeking. As mentioned before, a hypochondriac will seek tests hoping for a negative result. He may also seek alternative treatments such as homeopathy. When a hypochondriac receives this reassurance, it will merely perpetuate the condition. Similar to checking, a hypochondriac will learn that this behavior will provide a temporary ease to the anxiety. After the initial feelings of calmness have worn off, the hypochondriac will feel the need to seek further reassurance, and so the cycle continues. I have often sought reassurance through doctors visits. There was a time when I was experiencing tightness in my chest which at times made it difficult to breath. I ended up making an appointment with the doctor, who, since I was a smoker, gave me a chest X-ray. The results came back normal, and surprisingly my symptoms went away for quite some time. For about a month, my hypochondria was relatively tame. Then, I started experiencing new symptoms. This time it was a feeling of a lump in my throat. This started a new cycle of reassurance seeking. Finally, a less apparent behavior is avoidance. This is when a hypochondriac will avoid activities that perpetuate symptoms. For a long time, during my heart problem phase, I had a love-hate relationship with physical exercise. I tended to avoid any intense exercise that would bring my heart rate over 110 beats per minutes due to the fear of a deadly arrhythmia. I would often get up and flee the ym when this happened. Now, I would like to bring attention to the cognitive side of hypochondria. One of the most outwardly apparent symptoms of hypochondria is preoccupation. Most hypochondriacs are preoccupied by their perceived ailments much of the time. This is the factor that may take the most emotional toll on relationships. A hypochondria will rarely have a conversation where her health is not brought up at least once. It is also very distressing for the hypochondriac, who may not be able to fully enjoy herself due to her health concerns constantly being in the back of her mind. A hypochondriac may also be very acutely aware of his own bodily sensations. Bodily focusing is when a hypochondriac focuses intently on his physical sensations. This can be closely linked with the behavior checking. However, one must be careful not to confuse the two. Generally, when a hypochondriac becomes acutely aware of physical sensations, it will be around the area of concern. This keen awareness has played a key role in my hypochondria. Due to the increased awareness of my head and neck areas, I have often felt as though a simple neck ache was actually pain from a malignant tumor on a lymph node. Indeed, awareness of my physical sensations has been an enormous trigger to a long session of self-examination. Selective attention is when a hypochondriac will only pay attention to sources of information which confirm his worst fears. Often a hypochondriac will stay up until the wee hours of the morning reading medical texts, however I negative test result from the doctor will be promptly ignored and forgotten about. Over time, hypochondria may lead to depression due to the belief that there is a serious illness present. I have experienced some terrible depressive symptoms. I have stayed up thinking about oing through chemotherapy, disfiguring, even imagining my own funeral. Fortunately for the hypochondriac, there is hope. With the right therapist, cognitive behavioral therapy may be a highly effective treatment for hypochondria. However, in order for to work, the patient must be engaged in treatment. It may be very difficult to engage a patient in treatment due to the patient being put into treatment semi-involuntarily. Often, a patient will seek therapy due to ultimatums from love ones, or a doctors refusal to treat the patient any further until he has undergone psychological evaluation. Therefore, the therapist must proceed with caution. I must, however, remark that many hypochondriacs are keenly aware of their condition and seek help voluntarily. Unfortunately, this does not make treatment very much easier. During treatment, the patient will often be asked to do some self-monitoring. A typical approach would be to have the patient keep a daily journal on her physical symptoms and thoughts. This is helpful because the therapist can monitor the patients daily experience, and can provide prompts for discussion. Cognitive restructuring is the part of the treatment where the therapist will ask the patient to note ll of the evidence he has for being ill, as well as the evidence against it. The therapist will then inform the patient of the cognitive errors, as well as teach rational responses to situations where anxiety is provoked. The therapist will also have the patient come up with his own rational responses. The therapist will then construct behavioral experiments in order to test out responses. I have found that citrus drinks such as orange juice and lemonade promote phlegm build up in my throat. This has helped me realize, through seeing an actual cause, that it would be highly irrational to believe that there is any ort of growth in my throat. If avoidance is present, a therapist may use exposure and reassurance prevention. A patient may be exposed to a light trigger such as exercise. The patient will then be taught to react appropriately to the symptoms present. On top of this, it is important to prevent the patient from seeking out reassurance. Family members may be instructed to say something such as â€Å"Im sorry, but Im not able to answer that question. † It is also important for the patient to work with the physician in order to prevent the patient from seeking reassurance from the therapist. In cases of â€Å"cyberchondria,† the patient should lso be urged not to seek reassurance on the internet. Finally, it is important for the patient to identify and re-attribute his beliefs. For example, a patient suffering from a side stitch may write down other symptoms such as overexertion, lying down on the wrong side, etc. and realize that he is not suffering from a hernia. It is important for the patient to know that recovery will not occur overnight. It is a lifelong process. Although I have made leaps and bounds in my treatment, I still have many outbreaks. However, I deal with them now in a much more rational way and they are far less intense. In addition to cognitive behavioral therapy and support from my family, I have also found mediation to be quite helpful. For many sufferers, hypochondria tends to be at its worst in stressful situations. I have found that if I take a moment to breath, and accept the situation at hand, I am much less stressed. It is my hope that this essay will shed some light on treatment for hypochondriasis, as well as better the understanding by sharing a personal perspective. Finally, I hope this will inspire other hypochondriacs to embark on the journey of getting their lives back.

Free Essays on To Die Or Not To Die

To Die or Not To Die For as long as I can remember there has been much controversy surrounding the death penalty. Many feel that nobody should have the right to decide who lives, and who dies. I personally feel that when someone commits a heinous crime, they alone are choosing death, not the jury. Every once in a while when I hear about a murder, I think about how traumatized and forever changed the lives of those involved are. I also ponder why our tax dollars contribute to the well-being of criminals on death row. But most of all, I think about the fact that a person who takes away another person’s life does not deserve to live. An obsessed ex-husband kills his ex-wife’s current husband, because he feels that if he cannot have her, then no one can. This woman’s life will never be the same. This woman will never get her husband back, not to mention her life. A parent whose child has been ruthlessly murdered as a result of a kidnapping gone wrong will never see his child grow old. The agony of that child’s death will be with them forever. Or how about a teller, who during a bank robbery, witnessed the bank’s security officer getting shot in the head because he could not find the safe key soon enough. Will she ever be able to walk into a bank again, without having a memory flash of that awful day? Probably not. These are all people, whose lives will forever be changed, unfortunately not for the better. Another element that infuriates me is that our tax dollars contribute to keeping murderers alive in prison. There are incarcerated people who have better lives than hard-working, law-abiding, contributing citizens in our society. A woman, whose husband left her and her three children for another woman, is resorted to working two jobs. Even then, she and her three children can barely make ends meet each month. Where is the fairness in that? Think about how much more money would be going to schools and e... Free Essays on To Die Or Not To Die Free Essays on To Die Or Not To Die To Die or Not To Die For as long as I can remember there has been much controversy surrounding the death penalty. Many feel that nobody should have the right to decide who lives, and who dies. I personally feel that when someone commits a heinous crime, they alone are choosing death, not the jury. Every once in a while when I hear about a murder, I think about how traumatized and forever changed the lives of those involved are. I also ponder why our tax dollars contribute to the well-being of criminals on death row. But most of all, I think about the fact that a person who takes away another person’s life does not deserve to live. An obsessed ex-husband kills his ex-wife’s current husband, because he feels that if he cannot have her, then no one can. This woman’s life will never be the same. This woman will never get her husband back, not to mention her life. A parent whose child has been ruthlessly murdered as a result of a kidnapping gone wrong will never see his child grow old. The agony of that child’s death will be with them forever. Or how about a teller, who during a bank robbery, witnessed the bank’s security officer getting shot in the head because he could not find the safe key soon enough. Will she ever be able to walk into a bank again, without having a memory flash of that awful day? Probably not. These are all people, whose lives will forever be changed, unfortunately not for the better. Another element that infuriates me is that our tax dollars contribute to keeping murderers alive in prison. There are incarcerated people who have better lives than hard-working, law-abiding, contributing citizens in our society. A woman, whose husband left her and her three children for another woman, is resorted to working two jobs. Even then, she and her three children can barely make ends meet each month. Where is the fairness in that? Think about how much more money would be going to schools and e...

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