Challenges Women Confronted in the 1990s Essay - 2209 Words

Four important challenges confronted women in the 1990s: increasing practical literacy, gaining access to employment opportunities at all levels in the economy, promoting change in the perception of women’s roles and status, and gaining a public voice both within and outside political process. There have been various attempts at social and legal reform aimed at improving women’s lives during the twentieth century. Indeed there may be contradictions inherent in the gender agenda of some nationalist projects, yet more and more steps are being taken so women can participate actively in programs especially in the area of the physical sciences. This is an area where women are now becoming more and more recognized. In the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦Muslim societies, in general, appear to be far more concerned with trying to control women’s bodies and sexuality than with their human rights. They either do not speak of women’s rights at all, or are mainly concerned with how women’s chastity may be protected (Abdullah, 1988). Women are the targets of the most serious violations of human rights, which occur in Muslim societies in general. Muslims say with great pride that Islam abolished female infanticide; true but it must also be mentioned that one of the most common crimes in a number of Muslim countries is the murder of women by their husbands. These so-called â€Å"honor-killings† are, in fact, extremely dishonorable and are frequently used to camouflage other kinds of crimes (ibid). Female children are discriminated against from the moment of birth, for it is customary in Muslim societies to regard a son as a gift, and a daughter as a trial from God. Therefore, the birth of a son is an occasion for celebration while the birth of a daughter calls for commiseration if not lamentation. Many girls are married when they are still minors, even though marriage in Islam is a contract and presupposes that the contracting parties are both consenting adults. Even though so much Qur’anic legislation is aimed at protecting the rights of women in the context of marriage, women cannot claim equality with their husbands. The husband, in fact, is regarded as his wife’s gateway to heaven or hell and the arbiter of herShow MoreRelatedFeminist Student Culture And The Issues Of Postsecondary Education946 Words   |  4 Pagespaper analyzes the perspectives of women and men and whether they support or are against feminist student culture. Lastly, the paper discusses re commendations and future research for student affairs professions to maintain feminist student culture in higher education. Understanding feminism Feminism in the United States is often separated into three waves (Vaccaro, 2009, Vernet Butera, 2005). The first wave began during the late 1800s to early 20th century, women began fighting for gender equalityRead More The Evolution of the American Television Family Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pageswhile warm and humorous, confronted delicate social issues, such as sensitivity due to the Second World War. It is an excellent example of an ethnic family’s status in society. A classic among classics, I Love Lucy appeared on television on October 15, 1951, (http://www.nick-at-nite.com/tvretro/shows/ilovelucy/index.tin). The series’ premise focused on the antics of a nonsensical wife who beguiles her easily angered husband. The series created the men-versus-women standard on television,Read MoreHow Do China Born Immigrants Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Question 4: How do China-born immigrants in the GTA describe the challenges and successes in starting their own businesses as entrepreneurs? Three themes emerged for this research question: (a) Troubled marriages; (b) Raising funds; and (c) Opportunities to help other newcomers. Following is a discussion of each of these themes. Theme 1: Troubled marriages. Of 21 participants, six (P1, P2, P8, P11, P12, and P18) experienced trouble in their marriages after they landed in Canada. ThreeRead MoreDual Career Coupling: An Emerging Paradigm In Banking Sector.1413 Words   |  6 Pagesneelam1613@yahoo.co.in 1. INTRODUCTION: Dual coupling has created many issues in banking sector as both husband and wife are working which brings certain issues and challenges. As in banking sector work is not seasonal. Banks are opened in whole year and employees in banks do not avail many holidays as compare to other institutions. In banking sector women still get leave like maternity leave but males’ do not get enough leave so that he can spend time with his family which create frustration and can createRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1423 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a general concern for the human rights of all employees in the work place, due to the demographic changes in ethnic, religious, and racial tensions in the world this brings a challenge to the government and employers to find solutions in diversity and discrimination issues. Discrimination may be appeared to be prevalent, this may cause unemployment. Anti-discrimination policies have been employed to combat discrimination in the workplace, however nothing has been done to analyse the policyRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy For Children Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesBackground/HX: Walter entered the Ambitions Community Protection Program in August 1996. He has been diagnosed with Mild Mental Retardation. He has spent the majority of his life in residential care: Source Child Center 1986-1988, Toutle River Boys Ranch 1990-1991, Community Residential Crisis Center 1991, and RTS 1991-1996. Walter was adjudicated of Indecent Liberties in 1991 for sexually assaulting a peer male while at the CRC. He was sentenced to Maple Lane for a period of five months from May 1991-1996Read MoreFirst Social Impact On Changing Career Models1453 Words   |  6 PagesIndia among developing countries climbed to the top nation in the outsourcing market, particularly in service offshore outsourcing. Since 1990, the government of India has engaged on the strategy of economic innovation through privatization and liberalization to stimulate the development of domestic entrepreneur spirit (Sharma Chen, 2008). Since the early 1990s, the software and IT industries in India have been increasing at approximately 50% per year, and were predicted to account for 7% of GDPRead MoreAppropriation Of A Key Text From The Past1364 Words   |  6 PagesYear 11 Preliminary Extension English 2015 Essay: Appropriation of a Key Text From the Past Pygmalion – George Bernard Shaw Pretty Woman – Garry Marshall (dir.) 1990 Question: How have the texts you have studied explored social values? George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion and its appropriation, the movie Pretty Woman directed by Garry Marshall both explore the social values of class, namely the construction of the class system and class divisions, individual independence of the female heroine inRead MoreFreedom Isn t Free : Combating Terrorism1709 Words   |  7 PagesConstitutional Liberties Derek Davis Liberty University CJUS 400 – B02 Johnny Sanders â€Æ' Freedom Isn’t Free: Combatting Terrorism Means Setting Aside Constitutional Liberties Throughout history, America has been confronted by opponents who wish to challenge its sovereignty. Over time, these challenges have been coined terrorism, and those that engage in terrorism have been known as terrorists. While allowing terrorism to thrive is an option that the leader of the free world rejects, the effects of combattingRead MoreImmigration And The United States1430 Words   |  6 Pages Without the right to vote and stay in the U.S. legally, immigrants have little power to change oppressive social structures. Given the dramatically growing immigrant population in the U.S., multicultural social justice counselors are confronted with a challenge to provide culturally responsive services for this population that includes individual and community advocacy that leads towards harmonious race relations and the building of peaceful communities. The immigrant category consists of three

A Swirling Spectrum Of Blues And Yellows Essay - 2007 Words

A swirling spectrum of blues and yellows is what captivates most anyone when they see â€Å"Starry Night† by Vincent Van Gogh. However, the way Van Gogh created this painting, along with all of his other masterpieces, is what most viewers give little thought. Van Gogh has a signature look to each of his paintings. His unique style is marked by the thick, short, layered brush strokes that make up his paintings. This type of brushwork is very much obvious in each of his pieces, â€Å"Starry Night† in particular. As noted in an article by Maria Popova, it is thought that Van Gogh suffered from various mental illnesses in his lifetime, including anxiety and depression, as well as having experienced symptoms of bipolar disorder (Popova). Each of these conditions had some type of affect on his brain; therefore, it is possible that his dramatized brush strokes were a consequence of his mental state. Though every artist has characteristic attributes to their work, the distincti ve style of art that is produced by those who suffer from mental disturbances, like Van Gogh, may simply be a symptom of their disease. Each mental illness affects a specific area of the brain, which is what causes both behavioral and mood changes among those who are afflicted. Therefore, the stylistic characteristics within artwork created by those who have a mental illness may simply be an uncontrollable action of the artist’s subconscious. This theory can be examined by studying artwork produced by the mentally illShow MoreRelatedVincent Van Gogh Painting Analysis Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages Fig. 2 Autumn Landscape 1885 Autumn Landscape was another one of Van Gogh’s early paintings. In this piece he used great detail and beautiful color. This painting includes calm shades of red, yellow and brown. Van Gogh used short brush strokes in this piece with some being bolder than others. This painting shows great balance with the placement of trees and plants. He created this piece from a person’s standpoint on the ground which gives theRead MoreVan Goghs Starry Night Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesletters to his brother Theo to express his mental war within himself. It was in the asylum that the most famous painting came to exist. Vincent had a great imagination because he could not see the night sky. â€Å"Starry Night† shows a night sky with swirling clouds, and eleven stars illumining their existence with a crescent moon standing in a bright alluring motion. The motion in the sky keeps your attention as you move your eyes about the painting. Below the hillside horizon sits a peaceful aspectRead MorePhotosynthetic And The Function Of Eukaryotic Organelles That Are Crucial For The Survival Of All Life On This Planet2110 Words   |  9 Pagesinto chemical energy (ATP to NADPH). This is then stored in sugars (happens in dark reactions) and other fuels. This reaction underpins all life on earth. Light energy travelling from the sun has visible lights which consist of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and indigo while invisible lights are ultraviolet and infrared light. In this study spinach leaves consisting living chloroplast will be isolated to investigate photosynthesis. This will be used to analyse the structure and the functionRead MoreOrganic Chemistry Labora tory1874 Words   |  8 PagesRevision 1.1 Isolation of Lycopene from Tomato Paste using Column Chromatography In this laboratory exercise we will isolate the pigment Lycopene from tomato paste. In a follow up lab, we will examine the UV-VIS spectrum of Lycopene, isomerize it and then examine the isomer’s spectrum for comparison. Lycopene, the red pigment of the tomato, is a C40-carotenoid made up of eight Isoprene units; making it a tetraterpene. Other sources of the compound include: Vegetable Source Gac Tomato Read MoreHow Aurora Borealis Works : Statement Of The Problem1906 Words   |  8 PagesAuroras on Earth are commonly identified to come in the colors pink, green, yellow, blue and violet. They are also observed to come in orange and white, although this is a rare encounter. One factor for the resulting colors present in the Aurora is the atoms and molecules the electrons are colliding with. When an Aurora is seen to be yellow or green, the electrons are colliding with oxygen. When red, violet and sometimes blue, it is colliding with nitrogen. Another factor for the resulted observationRead MoreSynthesis and Component Analysis of an Iron (Iii) Oxalate Complex7868 Words   |  32 Pagesof light shifts into the visible spectrum and the complex appears more intensely colored (to the human eye). In this experiment, the iron (III) is released by the addition of Ca2+, which helps to precipitate out the C2O42-, leaving behind the iron (III). The solution is centrifuged to remove this precipitate, leaving the iron ion behind to complex with the bipyridyl. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent because it does not absorb in the visible spectrum of light. The reaction below occursRead MoreSynthesis and Component Analysis of an Iron (Iii) Oxalate Complex7868 Words   |  32 Pagesof light shifts into the visible spectrum and the complex appears more intensely colored (to the human eye). In this experiment, the iron (III) is released by the addition of Ca2+, which helps to precipitate out the C2O42-, leaving behind the iron (III). The solution is centrifuged to remove this precipitate, leaving the iron ion behind to complex with the bipyridyl. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent because it does not absorb in the visible spectrum of light. The reaction below occursRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesE-Chargers Supplier (see handout provided by instructor) Spin Master Toys (C): Keeping E-Chargers Wings On (see handout provided by instructor) 8 PROJECT SCHEDULING 293 279 Crosby Manufacturing Corporation 9 PROJECT EXECUTION 299 295 The Blue Spider Project 301 Corwin Corporation 317 Quantum Telecom 329 The Trophy Project 331 Concrete Masonry Corporation 334 Margo Company 343 Project Overrun 345 The Automated Evaluation Project 347 The Rise and Fall of Iridium 351 Missing Person-Peter Leung

Nurse Patient Communication Free Essays

According to the article, â€Å"Nurse-Patient Communication Barriers in Iranian Nursing† (Anoosheh et al, 2009) communication is one of the basic social needs of human beings. This article is the description of a study done to better understand the barriers that inhibit nurse-patient communication. Communication is critical in the nursing profession and can be considered a main aspect of nursing care. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse Patient Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Patients and families count on nurses to keep them informed, help them feel connected to their physicians and other caregivers, to listen to them, to ease their anxiety, and to protect and watch over them during their healthcare experience. However, many studies (Anoosheh et al. 2009) have shown poor results in the quality of nurse –patient communication. There is the risk that nurses can become focused on tasks, physiological needs of the patient and time management at the expense of psychological needs. I am a firm believer that the psychological aspect of human beings can directly influence our physical state. I agree with the statement in the article that communication can be, â€Å"an essential part of nursing care but also as a treatment by itself† (Anoosheh et al. 2009). As I give care in my nursing practice I can improve communication by confirming patient feelings by asking questions such as, â€Å"How are you feeling today? † or â€Å"How do you feel about your upcoming procedure? †. To help patients know what to expect I can explain what care I will be performing, how long it will take and what their role may be. Another aspect that is necessary for quality patient care is collaborating with the patient by asking questions like, â€Å"What can we do better? † and, â€Å"How is the treatment working? † These patient centered questions can get patients talking about their thoughts and feelings. With a positive nurse patient relationship, there can be patient and family satisfaction and an environment that supports healing. How to cite Nurse Patient Communication, Papers

Post-Conflict Reconstruction Intervention and Reconstruction In Sierr

Question: Discuss about thePost-Conflict Reconstructionfor Intervention and Reconstruction In Sierra Leone. Answer: Project Description: Sierra Leone, a state that has been elusive of peace for over a decade, witnessed to a horrifying civil war that began in 1991. In the early months of 2002, President Kabbah formally declared the end of the conflict, leading to the beginning of the reconstruction. In 1999, Lome Peace Agreement was signed but peace became a disillusion factor for the people of Sierra Leone, as fighting continued. Cause of Conflict in Sierra Leone: As per the report of Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone, the conflict in the country was due to reasons such as prevalent corruption, bad governance and refutation of primary human rights, leading to a widespread rage which made conflict unavoidable (Turner Houghton, 2015). Causes of conflict in Sierra Leone has many perceptions, one being that the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) started its terror campaign against their Government because of the abusive behavior meted out to them. But that campaigns idea quickly turned into something very worse. The RUF was left behind with a team comprising of criminals who were devoid of any social or political objective. Initially the thought level was that diamonds have been the factor for Sierra Leones civil war, but that was negated when people started talking about the collapse of institutions as the main cause for triggering a collapse in the country. The peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone started in 1999, and the United Nations Integrated Peace building Office was created in 2008, overtaking that peacekeeping mission that got developed way back in the late 90s. The whole idea of such an agency was to promote and protect the human rights along with offering the required political advice to the local Government. The present Sierra Leone President, Ernest Bai Koroma along with the U.N. chief Ban ki-moon stated that UNIPSIL will be withdrawn with immediate effect from the country, which indicated Sierra Leone has come a long way from being a country inflicted with wars. As stated by the U.N chief Sierra Leone is an example of a successful Post-conflict reconstruction. Peace along with long term improvement and stability is what Sierra Leone has transformed it into. Nature of Mission: The largest United Nations peacekeeping mission set out for Sierra Leone along with assistance from United Kingdom and the United States to set things right in the devastated country. The country was fortunate enough to receive a lot of international aid from the international community (Farah Handa, 2016). Leading groups like the Department of International Development and United Nation Mission in Sierra Leone worked on four objectives: reintegration, rehabilitation, repatriation and reconstruction. Sierra Leones reconstruction cost the United Nations $16.6 billion per year. The United Kingdom and the United States were not far either in providing monetary help to the country. The aim was to build the schools, clinics and homes that have been demolished in the war. Free elections were also conducted to bring in a sense of democracy among people. These efforts were short term in matters related to peace but hold an important part in the history of Sierra Leone. UNAMSILs mission was to ensure the safety and security of the people of Sierra Leone; the civilians were protected against any major threat of physical violence. The agencys main responsibility was to co-operate the Government of the affected country and bring each and every party of the country to the table for a unified peace agreement. Key Mission/Project Success: The United Nations Mission Nations in Sierra Leone has been a success story. It has been very active in rebuilding the countrys infrastructure and giving local communities the opportunity to get the services of the government. It has also been effective in disarming a lot of youths in Sierra Leone. Moreover, it has played an important part in assisting the local government to fight and stop the illegal trading of diamonds and control the industry (Shaw, 2014). It was during the war time that insurgents used money from blood diamonds to purchase weapons which gave rise to such a conflict. The success factors of UNAMSIL were that it was able to align the political will with the required necessary resources. The international power commuters hailed the success of this mission with the right authorization and resources taken into account. Moreover, there was alignment of the military force with the stability programs helping in formation of a positive alternative to conflict like Demobil ization and Reintegration (DDR) and other projects related to civil affairs. This agency had to face a lot of challenges during its stay in that country. RUF did inflict a lot of damage to the organization, kidnapping hundreds of peacekeepers at one point of time, this lead to a chaos situation the country, with extreme pressure from the international community over the rebels to obey the ceasefire rules. UNAMSIL and other collaborators worked together to reconstruct the law system of the country, providing training to the local police power. The agency has been very effective in completing works that has been assigned to it by the Security Council. It also helped the country experience its first ever free election in a fair way. Human rights was the one thing missing from the table of Sierra Leone, which was restored by this mission, along with setting up a special court for putting people on trial responsible for war crime (Roome, Raven Martineau, 2014). The mission has also been successful in co-operating with other agencies of the UN to generate projects of income, especially for the local youth who have been the worst sufferers during that civil war. They also funded in agricultural projects along with providing free medical facility to the remote areas of the country. UNAMSIL was not short of any challenges while working in Sierra Leone. UNAMSILs challenge included helping the Government in organizing a fair election in 2002. It did everything from supplying equipments of communication, logistical support and providing security. The election procedures were a success with people with voters flocking to the polls. The next challenge that lied ahead of the UNAMSIL was to reintegrate the ex-fighters into the society of Sierra Leone and providing resettlement for the persons who have been internally displaced. In order to meet those challenges the Security Council put up a new mission: the United Nations Integrated Office for Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) to help bring serenity to the country. The main job of UNIOSIL was to strengthen the work of the UNAMSIL and assist government in fixing the long problem of human rights and hold more free elections that can give Sierra Leone a democratic society (Nilsson Kovacs, 2013). Key Mission Challenges and Failures: Bad Governance: If a countrys Government is lacking democracy, then it acts as a potential threat to both its peace and security. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has stated that their main objective as a part of the reconstruction process is to promote good governance and transparency associated with its works. Different agencies of different countries have provided the world with the same statement that the Sierra Leone Government is highly corrupted at different levels (Jackson, 2015). The lifestyle of the officials representing the countrys Government was the prime example on how much corruption has eaten up the whole system. It was disheartening to see the poor suffering directly because of this corruption. The people of Sierra Leone barring those government officials were deprived of the basic services. All the funds that came through were taken in by the government officials, leaving a few or almost nothing for the general people (Shepler, 2014). If the judicial system is handicapped then nothing can be done to solve the crime and corruption in the country. Extortion and bribery took over the whole judicial system of the country. Poor people were accused of one thing or the other and they were put behind bars without and proper trial. Another reason for bribery and extortion was the low salary factor of magistrates, judges and the prosecutors. According to Monk Mundy, (2014), cases were remaining pending in the judicial courts, giving rise to the power of Paramount Chief Courts, where executives were enjoying more authority and control. Unemployment of the Young and the Strong: One of the major causes of the Sierra Leone civil war was the continuous injection of the youth blood into the Revolutionary United Front or the RUF (Perrin, 2013). The reason for such a happening was not because of the youths inclination towards war, but due to the lack of social incentives and poverty which played a major part in them choosing that path. They were suffering economically and politically and the failure of state institutions forced them to join the RUF and take part in the civil war (Boersch-Supan, 2014). Over the past decade one of the greatest failures of this reconstruction of Sierra Leone has been in its economic front. Sierra Leone has been ranked 176th out of the 177 countries by the UNDP Human Development Index, where life expectancy of people is just 41 years. It has been mostly affected by illiteracy and poverty. Around 65% of its population has remained illiterate and 70% of it has been living in poverty in Sierra Leone (Hultman, L., Kathman Shannon, 2013). Poverty is a factor that has the power to cripple any society, and unemployment of youths resulted in them choosing the wrong paths of life. There was no absolute meaning to what they were doing, but only causing massive destruction in the face of humanity. Unemployment affected three fourth of the Sierra Leones property, mostly aging between 18-35 years. Another major factor that needs to be focused on is that the people who were employed were not paid properly, or at times not paid at all. Therefore, it became impossib le for them to free themselves from the clutches of the poverty. Sierra Leones reconstruction focused on matters that required immediate solution like demobilization and disarmament of their past combatants. Hostility has always been a part of Sierra Leone, and it was evident when the UN peacekeepers faced a setback. Several peacekeepers died while many were taken hostage by the rebels in order to satisfy their demands. The peace process was severely affected when the main rebel group continued its attack on the agencys people, taking around 500 people captive only to release them a week later. Criticism was leveled against the UNAMSIL stating that the people constituted of the UNAMSIL were under trained and not properly equipped which made their job more difficult. UNAMSIL was organized to add a new element to the Sierra Leone conflict, but it itself became a victim of the situation. Lessons Learned: Sierra Leones reconstruction has seen success in many ways. But then injustice and corruption is still very much a part of the countrys system. Both the peace-building and state-building should remain at the same level in order to make reconstruction a successful affair (Wong, 2016). If the state-building is in failing, then it would affect peace. The situation of Sierra Leone provides a learning lesson for the international community on the basis of reconstruction. The UNAMSILs mission did have a lot of lessons to be taught to others thinking of a post-conflict reconstruction. Working in an alienated country which posed so much of threat at every single moment is a huge risk. The agency has tried a lot in lessening the extortion, bribery factors present in the system of Sierra Leone. Such things do not change overnight. Though the fight is still on and according to the U.N. general peacekeeping process in Sierra Leone would continue. Corruption Needs to be Curbed and Justice is to be Promoted: It is very hard for post-conflict societies to come out clear from the dark past of theirs. It is essential on the part of the donors and the international community to end corruption the country where reconstruction is taking place (Brck, Naud Verwimp, 2013). In Sierra Leones case it was the formation of Anti-Corruption Commission by the donors that became a significant part. However, the sole idea of creating such an association was not fulfilled. Continuous interference of Government and lack of any proper cooperation has made the Commission an ineffective agency. It is up to the international community to pressurize the local government to inflict prosecutorial powers into the Commission. The judiciary system of Sierra Leone needs to be reformed too with suggestions from the International Crisis Group (Roseth, B., Srivastava, 2013). It is highly imperative on the part of the Government officials to declare the financial assets they are holding before they hold on to any governm ent posts. The salary system needs to be fair so that the corruption gets diminished from all the levels of the government. As per Glennerster, Miguel Rothenberg, 2013), one of the most important lessons that needs to be learned from the case of Sierra Leone is that international involvement for state building needs to be a prolong affair. It is important from their part to monitor and analyze the whole situation, what decisions has been made in the post conflict situation and how it has turned out to be. Things should not get jeopardized in the reconstruction process of a country. Corruption is very heavy in Sierra Leone and the international agencies should work together more aggressively in stopping that forever because corruption would not let Sierra Leone go forward. Providing the Youth with the Hope for Future: The true meaning of reconstruction is to rebuild the schools, colleges, hospital buildings that were brought down during the civil war. But surprisingly these are just the small part of the reconstruction process. The problem with Sierra Leone is that the international community neglected certain important points in order to bring in peace which was short lived. The things of high priority were the education factor, economical development and reinstating the basic services for the people of Sierra Leone (Bertone et al., 2014). Proper results need to be accessed to find out how much of all this have been accomplished. The main focus should be on the health segment and the educational aspect of the people. Until and unless the youth are provided with proper education and health facilities, they will not be able to do something meaningful in their life which has long being absent from their lives. Big spending is required in the reconstruction process which was not visualized incase of Sierra Leone. Certain public projects were conducted by the donors, but not anything on large scale. The consequences of the World Bank and IMF on at-risk populations should be considered by the donors, as for the youth of Sierra Leone. It is imperative on the part of the international community to understand the actual needs of the people of Sierra Leone and the affects of the reconstruction activities have on the whole country. A war can never be good for any country and same has been with Sierra Leone. It cannot be said that Sierra Leone is free from everything that crippled their society once. Corruption and unemployment still remains the highest priority for the country. It is very important to concentrate on things that have been left undone, rather than focusing on things that have been done and implemented. The whole process should be transparent enough for everybody to understand what reconstruction is going on and how beneficial it would be for the society. It is not possible in the short process, so enough time has to be invested in building a failed state. Reference: Bertone, M. P., Samai, M., Edem-Hotah, J., Witter, S. (2014). A window of opportunity for reform in post-conflict settings? The case of human resources for health policies in Sierra Leone, 20022012.Conflict and health,8(1), 1. Boersch-Supan, J. (2014). Atrocities, Diamonds and Diplomacy: The inside story of the conflict in Sierra Leone.African Affairs,113(450), 139-141. Brck, T., Naud, W., Verwimp, P. (2013). Business under fire entrepreneurship and violent conflict in developing countries.Journal of Conflict Resolution,57(1), 3-19. Farah, I., Handa, S. (2016). Exploring Post-conflict Reconstruction in Somalia: Pulling apart or pulling togetherquest.Development,58(1), 112-116. Glennerster, R., Miguel, E., Rothenberg, A. D. (2013). Collective action in diverse Sierra Leone communities.The Economic Journal,123(568), 285-316. Hultman, L., Kathman, J., Shannon, M. (2013). United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protection in civil war.American Journal of Political Science,57(4), 875-891. Jackson, P. (2015). Whose Justice in Sierra Leone? Power, Security and Justice in Post-Conflict Reconstruction. InEvaluating Transitional Justice(pp. 197-215). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Monk, D., Mundy, J. (2014).The Post-Conflict Environment. University of Michigan Press. Nilsson, D., Kovacs, M. S. (2013). Different paths of reconstruction: military reform in post-war Sierra Leone and Liberia.International peacekeeping,20(1), 2-16. Perrin, K. (2013). Book review: War and embodied memory: becoming disabled in Sierra Leone.LSE Review of Books. Roome, E., Raven, J., Martineau, T. (2014). Human resource management in post-conflict health systems: review of research and knowledge gaps.Conflict and health,8(1), 1. Roseth, B., Srivastava, V. (2013). Engaging for results in civil service reforms: early lessons from a problem-driven engagement in Sierra Leone.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6458). Shaw, R. (2014). The TRC, the NGO and the child: young people and post?conflict futures in Sierra Leone.Social Anthropology,22(3), 306-325. Shepler, S. (2014).Childhood deployed: remaking child soldiers in Sierra Leone. NYU Press. Turner, C., Houghton, R. (2015). Constitution making and post-conflict reconstruction. Routledge. Wong, P. H. (2016). How can political trust be built after civil wars? Evidence from post-conflict Sierra Leone.Journal of Peace Research, 0022343316659334.

Hypochondriasis Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back Essay Example

Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back Paper The word hypochondriasis is derived from ancient Greek word hypochondria . It is made up of hypo-, meaning â€Å"under,† and khondros (khondria is the neuter pleural), meaning â€Å"cartilage†, specifically the cartilage of the breastbone. The word reflects the belief that the viscera of the hypochondria was the source of vapor that caused anxiety and melancholy. Hypochondriasis is the modern medical term for the condition and hypochondria is considered the lay term. Hypochondriasis is a disorder in which the patient misinterprets normal bodily symptoms such and a headache, or a cough as much more serious diseases. A typical hypochondriac may interpret symptoms of the common cold as symptoms of lung cancer. He/she may go to the doctor, be tested for different diseases, only to seek help from different physicians when the results turn up negative. Hypochondria is on the spectrum of anxiety disorders, but also has traits of somatization disorders. However, a hypochondriacs chief focus is not symptoms, but the cause of them. Hypochondria has been around since ancient times and is one of the oldest disorders documented. as been considered the male counterpart to hysteria, since hysteria was considered the symptom of a andering uterus and only females could have that. It is now known that hypochondria affects both men and women in equally serious ways. Although hypochondria is a serious disorder, it has been a popular subject in humor. Hypochondriacs are often stereotyped as being quirky individuals, constantly suffering from an imaginary ailment, sometimes going to comical lengths to cure themselve s. In addition to being stigmatized by society, hypochondriacs may also have difficulties with physicians. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They tend to be very demanding patients, booking frequent appointments, demanding nnecessary tests and treatment. Hypochondriacs may even have four or five doctors with whom they go back and forth seeking different opinions. They may also have difficulties with family and friends due to their constant maladies. They may go into debt due to medical expenses, and be very emotionally demanding. Unfortunately, there is not much known about the causes of hypochondria at the moment. However, life experiences, such as a family member becoming seriously ill, an acute awareness to physical feeling, and predisposition to anxiety all may play a role. Most hypochondriacs will also suffer rom other anxiety disorder such as panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorders. My experience with hypochondria happened after my father became ill with lung cancer. I had always been an anxious person, and have always had a slight preoccupation with my health. I have found that I display very similar trait to someone suffering with obsessive compulsive disorder. For instance, when I experience a new â€Å"symptom,† I must examine myself periodically in order to soothe myself. Unfortunately, this cycle only perpetuates the condition. It causes a sort of positive feedback eaction, which in turn causes me to examine more and more, until it gets to the point where I must go to the doctor or the emergency room. In the modern world, a common trigger for hypochondria is the internet. â€Å"Cyberchondria† is a colloquial term describing someone who searches symptoms on the internet. Websites such as WebMD provide information on many disease. A hypochondriac may mistakenly match their symptoms up with serious diseases and become very distressed. In my experience, there are many times where I have looked up not only symptoms, but for support groups discussing hypochondria. It has helped, but in any ways has also made the anxiety worse. Many times, I have found, support group will end up becoming a gathering of hypochondriacs feeding off of each others disorders, giving bad advice and triggering anxiety. At the moment, the best treatment for hypochondria is a mix of medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. Generally, an antidepressant will be prescribed. Current research has been showing positive results from fluoxetine, an SSRI also known as Prozac. I will be discussing the cognitive behavioral therapy approach. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach that focuses on the thoughts and behaviors associated with hypochondria. It is also used for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorders. Since hypochondria has similarities between the two, it is believed to be an effective treatment. Many of the behaviors of hypochondria are associated with anxiety due to a perceived threat. The intensity of the anxiety will generally vary from a small feeling of discomfort to a full blown panic attack. In my experience, the hypochondria first started with a panic attack, which I believed was due to a heart attack at the time. I had an intense tightness in my chest, a lightheaded feeling, as though I were bout to faint, which is a partially loss of vision (also known as a gray out). After the initial attacks, I experienced chest pains every so often and still associated them with heart issues, even though I had gone to the emergency room twice. One behavior, which is strikingly similar to obsessive compulsive disorder is checking. A hypochondriac may check his pulse, examine himself, weigh himself frequently due to the fear of wasting away. Sometimes, checking may even exacerbate symptoms, such as someone constantly. feeling for signs of oral cancer may cause sores due to irritation. When I have checked myself, it has often involved using a home blood pressure monitor as well as feeling for lumps and swollen glands. It tends to be a compulsion, and often becomes habitual. Often, it is very difficult to treat hypochondria, since the patients tend to be so convinced that there is something gravely wrong. One of the biggest roadblocks in treatment is reassurance seeking. As mentioned before, a hypochondriac will seek tests hoping for a negative result. He may also seek alternative treatments such as homeopathy. When a hypochondriac receives this reassurance, it will merely perpetuate the condition. Similar to checking, a hypochondriac will learn that this behavior will provide a temporary ease to the anxiety. After the initial feelings of calmness have worn off, the hypochondriac will feel the need to seek further reassurance, and so the cycle continues. I have often sought reassurance through doctors visits. There was a time when I was experiencing tightness in my chest which at times made it difficult to breath. I ended up making an appointment with the doctor, who, since I was a smoker, gave me a chest X-ray. The results came back normal, and surprisingly my symptoms went away for quite some time. For about a month, my hypochondria was relatively tame. Then, I started experiencing new symptoms. This time it was a feeling of a lump in my throat. This started a new cycle of reassurance seeking. Finally, a less apparent behavior is avoidance. This is when a hypochondriac will avoid activities that perpetuate symptoms. For a long time, during my heart problem phase, I had a love-hate relationship with physical exercise. I tended to avoid any intense exercise that would bring my heart rate over 110 beats per minutes due to the fear of a deadly arrhythmia. I would often get up and flee the ym when this happened. Now, I would like to bring attention to the cognitive side of hypochondria. One of the most outwardly apparent symptoms of hypochondria is preoccupation. Most hypochondriacs are preoccupied by their perceived ailments much of the time. This is the factor that may take the most emotional toll on relationships. A hypochondria will rarely have a conversation where her health is not brought up at least once. It is also very distressing for the hypochondriac, who may not be able to fully enjoy herself due to her health concerns constantly being in the back of her mind. A hypochondriac may also be very acutely aware of his own bodily sensations. Bodily focusing is when a hypochondriac focuses intently on his physical sensations. This can be closely linked with the behavior checking. However, one must be careful not to confuse the two. Generally, when a hypochondriac becomes acutely aware of physical sensations, it will be around the area of concern. This keen awareness has played a key role in my hypochondria. Due to the increased awareness of my head and neck areas, I have often felt as though a simple neck ache was actually pain from a malignant tumor on a lymph node. Indeed, awareness of my physical sensations has been an enormous trigger to a long session of self-examination. Selective attention is when a hypochondriac will only pay attention to sources of information which confirm his worst fears. Often a hypochondriac will stay up until the wee hours of the morning reading medical texts, however I negative test result from the doctor will be promptly ignored and forgotten about. Over time, hypochondria may lead to depression due to the belief that there is a serious illness present. I have experienced some terrible depressive symptoms. I have stayed up thinking about oing through chemotherapy, disfiguring, even imagining my own funeral. Fortunately for the hypochondriac, there is hope. With the right therapist, cognitive behavioral therapy may be a highly effective treatment for hypochondria. However, in order for to work, the patient must be engaged in treatment. It may be very difficult to engage a patient in treatment due to the patient being put into treatment semi-involuntarily. Often, a patient will seek therapy due to ultimatums from love ones, or a doctors refusal to treat the patient any further until he has undergone psychological evaluation. Therefore, the therapist must proceed with caution. I must, however, remark that many hypochondriacs are keenly aware of their condition and seek help voluntarily. Unfortunately, this does not make treatment very much easier. During treatment, the patient will often be asked to do some self-monitoring. A typical approach would be to have the patient keep a daily journal on her physical symptoms and thoughts. This is helpful because the therapist can monitor the patients daily experience, and can provide prompts for discussion. Cognitive restructuring is the part of the treatment where the therapist will ask the patient to note ll of the evidence he has for being ill, as well as the evidence against it. The therapist will then inform the patient of the cognitive errors, as well as teach rational responses to situations where anxiety is provoked. The therapist will also have the patient come up with his own rational responses. The therapist will then construct behavioral experiments in order to test out responses. I have found that citrus drinks such as orange juice and lemonade promote phlegm build up in my throat. This has helped me realize, through seeing an actual cause, that it would be highly irrational to believe that there is any ort of growth in my throat. If avoidance is present, a therapist may use exposure and reassurance prevention. A patient may be exposed to a light trigger such as exercise. The patient will then be taught to react appropriately to the symptoms present. On top of this, it is important to prevent the patient from seeking out reassurance. Family members may be instructed to say something such as â€Å"Im sorry, but Im not able to answer that question. † It is also important for the patient to work with the physician in order to prevent the patient from seeking reassurance from the therapist. In cases of â€Å"cyberchondria,† the patient should lso be urged not to seek reassurance on the internet. Finally, it is important for the patient to identify and re-attribute his beliefs. For example, a patient suffering from a side stitch may write down other symptoms such as overexertion, lying down on the wrong side, etc. and realize that he is not suffering from a hernia. It is important for the patient to know that recovery will not occur overnight. It is a lifelong process. Although I have made leaps and bounds in my treatment, I still have many outbreaks. However, I deal with them now in a much more rational way and they are far less intense. In addition to cognitive behavioral therapy and support from my family, I have also found mediation to be quite helpful. For many sufferers, hypochondria tends to be at its worst in stressful situations. I have found that if I take a moment to breath, and accept the situation at hand, I am much less stressed. It is my hope that this essay will shed some light on treatment for hypochondriasis, as well as better the understanding by sharing a personal perspective. Finally, I hope this will inspire other hypochondriacs to embark on the journey of getting their lives back.

Free Essays on To Die Or Not To Die

To Die or Not To Die For as long as I can remember there has been much controversy surrounding the death penalty. Many feel that nobody should have the right to decide who lives, and who dies. I personally feel that when someone commits a heinous crime, they alone are choosing death, not the jury. Every once in a while when I hear about a murder, I think about how traumatized and forever changed the lives of those involved are. I also ponder why our tax dollars contribute to the well-being of criminals on death row. But most of all, I think about the fact that a person who takes away another person’s life does not deserve to live. An obsessed ex-husband kills his ex-wife’s current husband, because he feels that if he cannot have her, then no one can. This woman’s life will never be the same. This woman will never get her husband back, not to mention her life. A parent whose child has been ruthlessly murdered as a result of a kidnapping gone wrong will never see his child grow old. The agony of that child’s death will be with them forever. Or how about a teller, who during a bank robbery, witnessed the bank’s security officer getting shot in the head because he could not find the safe key soon enough. Will she ever be able to walk into a bank again, without having a memory flash of that awful day? Probably not. These are all people, whose lives will forever be changed, unfortunately not for the better. Another element that infuriates me is that our tax dollars contribute to keeping murderers alive in prison. There are incarcerated people who have better lives than hard-working, law-abiding, contributing citizens in our society. A woman, whose husband left her and her three children for another woman, is resorted to working two jobs. Even then, she and her three children can barely make ends meet each month. Where is the fairness in that? Think about how much more money would be going to schools and e... Free Essays on To Die Or Not To Die Free Essays on To Die Or Not To Die To Die or Not To Die For as long as I can remember there has been much controversy surrounding the death penalty. Many feel that nobody should have the right to decide who lives, and who dies. I personally feel that when someone commits a heinous crime, they alone are choosing death, not the jury. Every once in a while when I hear about a murder, I think about how traumatized and forever changed the lives of those involved are. I also ponder why our tax dollars contribute to the well-being of criminals on death row. But most of all, I think about the fact that a person who takes away another person’s life does not deserve to live. An obsessed ex-husband kills his ex-wife’s current husband, because he feels that if he cannot have her, then no one can. This woman’s life will never be the same. This woman will never get her husband back, not to mention her life. A parent whose child has been ruthlessly murdered as a result of a kidnapping gone wrong will never see his child grow old. The agony of that child’s death will be with them forever. Or how about a teller, who during a bank robbery, witnessed the bank’s security officer getting shot in the head because he could not find the safe key soon enough. Will she ever be able to walk into a bank again, without having a memory flash of that awful day? Probably not. These are all people, whose lives will forever be changed, unfortunately not for the better. Another element that infuriates me is that our tax dollars contribute to keeping murderers alive in prison. There are incarcerated people who have better lives than hard-working, law-abiding, contributing citizens in our society. A woman, whose husband left her and her three children for another woman, is resorted to working two jobs. Even then, she and her three children can barely make ends meet each month. Where is the fairness in that? Think about how much more money would be going to schools and e...

Corporate And Social Responsibility In Ship Management Case Study

Corporate And Social Responsibility In Ship Management - Case Study Example All managers undertake the same basic functions to obtain results by establishing an environment of effective and efficient performance from individuals working together in groups. This is the same with ship management business managers. Their social responsibilities mirror their company's ideology and ethics directed to professional client service and association, of mutual interest. In the 1990s, and at the turn of the century, a galaxy of developments was witnessed around the globe, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where globalization took many developing countries by storm. China, India, and Vietnam, to name a few, benefited through FDI. The development of infrastructure, imports and exports have led to frantic activities in all major ports around Asia. Be it sea or airports, the movement of cargo in and out has made officials and workers work round the clock to clear backlogs. As huge ships ferry bulk cargo from and to different ports around the globe, the need to establish alternate points to ease the congestion has come under the scanner. As the major ports in China and India work overtime, their respective governments have been busy studying the feasibility of expanding port operations to smaller ports around the country. Ship business managers take pride in keeping their fleet operational at all times. When they come across ports ill-equipped to han dle large ships, they need to supplement that sector with smaller ships. This is a critical area of operations, which lie squarely on their shoulder. In times of contingencies, ship business managers must be there to handle client grievance. In short, ship business managers are the front-line PR of shipping companies.

Business and cultural differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business and cultural differences - Essay Example But this expansion also needs to recognize the culture of the people. The way the people dress, different ways for analyzing problems and how they interact are very important to understand in order to find the communication gap between the nations. Without proper communication several problems may arise due to difference in the cultural practices. In this study we will find the differences between the cultural backgrounds of UK and that of the acquisition company at China. Several issues which could arise within the organization due to cross cultural activities have been discussed in this study in order to successfully deal with any potential issues (Burton, 2009, p.8). 2 Cultural differences between United Kingdom and China The culture of the nation is often defined from the collective programming of the different minded people. The cultural differences are basically formed from four dimensions of the culture of a nation. These are basically power distance, individualism, masculinit y and uncertainty avoidance. Based on these factors the culture of the nation varies to a great extent from country to country. 2.1 Power Distance Index The power distance index is the indicative of the distance between the top management and the subordinates. In high power distance culture they have inequality of power and wealth in the society. This is not forced on the population but comes from the cultural heritage of the country. China has a highly power distance culture which is ranked 80 compared to the world average of 55, while in UK it’s around 30. Therefore in China the people maintain a great distance in different levels of the organization which sometimes leads to an unfriendly workspace with professional relation being the priority in business. Every employee is not free to express their feelings and they are not allowed to take any business decision. The top management are only responsible to take critical decisions in the business. In UK business strategy, the supervisors are well mixed with the subordinates thus creating a very friendly and healthy workspace since the power is well distributed and dew to very small distance between the levels everyone is invited to share their own thoughts on the business plans. The business plans are taken after discussion with all the levels of the organization. Every individual are encouraged to share their ideas and before taking final decision by top management the suggestions from subordinates are kept in mind. 2.2 Individualism Individualism is working with single responsibility and without interacting with peers in the organization. On the other hand collectivism is working in groups and taking decision collectively without questioning loyalty. Individualist business organisation has very little ties between individual employees. Due to the ancient cultural heritage of China the family or relation are between peoples in the society are very strong and the people are very loyal towards each other . Collectivism is the practice in China society who have a close and committed members in the group be it a family or a business. Everyone takes

Draft Annotated Bibliography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Annotated Bibliography - Coursework Example Banks (2003) noted the difference between irrational or discriminatory and rational racial profiling, where the latter is based on actual criminal activities and reports. He focused on the campaign against racial profiling and noted injustice when minorities experience disadvantages because of racial profiling. The study is useful in showing that racial profiling can lead to discrimination but, in agreement to what he had said, eliminating it is not the solution to discrimination in the law enforcement system. Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard. T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 9(2), 249-273. Retrieved from http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Theory_Racial_Profiling.pdf Engel, Calnon, and Bernard (2002) evaluated the research on racial profiling. They noted that, using data from traffic stops and arrests among other data sources, researchers believed that the police generally exhibited discrimination in racial profiling. Engel et al. (2002) asserted though that these studies usually had the flaw of having no guidance from a theoretical framework to support their conclusion that racial discrimination did happen. The study is important in underscoring the gap in literature for studies that can improve the theoretical foundation of racial and criminal profiling. Glover (2007) studied police opinions on racial profiling through an in-depth interview research method. She noted that police officers downplayed racism in racial profiling through emphasizing the spatial context of their criminal investigations. The article is important in emphasizing the need for gathering more qualitative information about the perceptions and experiences of the police regarding racial profiling and criminal profiling. Godwin, M. (2002). Reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiling typologies. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 17(1), 1-18. Retrieved

The Vision Of Audi Company Marketing Essay

The Vision Of Audi Company Marketing Essay Mr.August Hoch originated a company named Horch and Co in 1899 and then he developed his first automobile in 1901. As he encountered management problem, he left his company in 1909 and created a new company called Audi afterward. The brand of Audi Automobile in 1910 was GmbH and Audi continue to produce cars until the First World War. In 1931, Auto Union was formed. Before Second World War, this union among manufacturers had prodigious success. Manufacturers had a new start in Ingolstadt, Germany after the war as a lot of military vehicles maintenance and spare parts were needed. Since Auto Union unable to generate massive profit, the company was closed in 1960 and coincidently permitted the rediscovery of Audi. The vision of Audi Company is Audi- the premium brand. Audi Company emphasized its core brand Audi on the challenges of the future when adopting its strategy 2020. This strategy became firmer contour since Year 2011 because the mission of Audi Company We delight customers worldwide was explored deeper. Audi products are convincing in its brand values, sportiness, permissiveness and also superiority. The mission statement also plays an important role on the path to lead Audi to become the leading premium brand. Audi defined its customer delight in four areas of action which are, we define innovation, we live responsibility, we create experience, and we shape Audi. There are also four objectives of Audi Company which are continuous growth, superior financial growth, global image leader and attractive employer worldwide. Generally, target market is defined by gender, age, social-economic grouping, geography or any other combination of demographics. Audi Company targets on upper middle class consumers which comprises of professional employees at the upper level of company ladder, celebrities and businessman. Besides that, most of the Audi products are designed to be high in velocity therefore Audi targets male rather than female as according to surveys, majority of the female will not purchase a automobile because of its high velocity but they are only focusing on the artistic design and comfort level that a vehicle can offer whereas for men, high velocity will be the main criteria. Moreover, male which have age ranging from 30 to 65 years old are more preferred because Audi, for now, are non-economical product, it is impossible for young men who are still fresh in the society to afford a luxury car. Marketing Mix Strategies Promotion Promotion is one of the key elements of marketing mix strategies that informing, persuading and influencing a consumer decision. The components of the promotion mix are personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, publicity and direct marketing. Audi implemented a strong marketing strategy consisting of digital and television advertising in order to hit their target sales. According to the journal Audi all-time sales record driven by strong digital advertising, it stated that Audis TV advertising helping it top 100,000 vehicles sold in United States for the first time in 2010(Rachel Lamb, 2010). Besides that, another Audi strong initiative is its social media and digital strategy. For instance, Audi consistently updates its company news or products new feature through social networking sites such as Facebook and its own Web to make sure consumer can get the latest news instantly. Direct marketing is a channel that allows business to communicate straight to the customer. As a major car manufacturer, Audi does not only focus on innovation but also tried to attract new customer. Audi targeted prospective buyers with a mailer which using Royal Mails Mailsort ® 1400 service to deliver it. This mailer would deliver the new technological features that the new vehicle model had. Sales promotion is one of the key elements in promotion strategy that offer incentives for buyer to purchase the selected items. However, Audi doesnt do much sales promotion compare to other car companies such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda. The sales promotion of Audi company deals offered only happen at dealership level. They usually dont rely on these kinds of promotions because Audi has already established their brand in the automobiles world. Moreover, Audi utilizes personal selling techniques in their entire retail store. The salesperson in Audi retail stores are knowledgeable of the brand and should be trained to understand what their customers are looking for. Personal selling can be considered as an important source of marketing information. The salesperson should act as problem solvers and advisor for customer rather than using hard-selling strategy, it might help Audi to build a long-term relationship with customers. Besides that, Audi also sends representatives to retail stores to keep sale associate up to date on their merchandise and the technology behind to give the consumer better feel of the product. Pricing Marketers are concern on the pricing strategy with the objectives to be competitive and to raise profit as well as return on investment. Setting the right price is vital to trigger the companys impressions towards the potential customers. Audi as a luxurious brand with prestige brand image hires premium pricing as one of its pricing strategies. The price of a product will affect customers perceptions towards its quality. Customers often associate prestige with high prices because it is common that high quality raw materials and components are never cheap. Therefore it is reasonable for Audi to position its brand through premium pricing. According to Bojan IliĆ¡ and Vesna MiliĆ¡eviĆ¡, the business history of a number of enterprises proved that reducing in price for certain prestige products brought negative effect on sales. In fact, Audi automobiles, the quality leader, are always for society of at least upper-middle class. Below is a diagram regarding price-quality strategies. pricing strategy.jpg Source: www.atkinson.yorku.ca Besides, like other automobile companies, Audi also uses optional product pricing. All companies will not hesitate to increase the amount customers spend once they start purchasing, so do Audi. There are optional or extra products or equipment for customers to add on to their automobiles. For instance, customers can choose to equip their vehicles with pearl colour effect with an additional charge of RM4,000 or the normal one. Other optional equipments that Audi offers are Bang Olufsen sound system, electronically opening closing tailgate, panaromic glass roof and MMI navigation system with reverse camera. Another pricing strategy that Audi employs is geographical pricing strategy. This pricing strategy is quite useful as there are variations in prices in different parts of the world. A very good example is that Audi vehicles are cheaper in Langkawi Island than in Peninsular Malaysia. This strategy may not seem fair for areas which pay higher price but Audi makes professional pricing decision based on the distance and economic situation of the those areas to avoid negative impact on the demand of its products. Product Product strategy includes tangible and intangible elements. Tangible products are things that we can see, touch, and feel whereas intangible products comprise things such as the image of the offering and the psychological aspects of pricing. For instance, customer will form a perception that expensive goods are usually high quality products. As known worldwide, Audi produces different types and classes of luxury cars to suit the taste and preference of the demanding customers. Automobile that Audi offer ranges from normal family suite sedan car to throttling speed sports cars. However, the technology use in building each automobile is similar which fulfill two of the product strategy criteria- product features and product quality. The body frames of the cars that Audi produces are fully galvanized to prevent corrosion and rusting. Additionally, the full-body zinc coating has proved to be very effective in preventing rust. Moreover, the bodys resulting durability even surpassed Audis own expectations, causing the manufacturer to extend its original 10-year warranty against corrosion perforation to currently 12 years and this factor has form a perception for the customer that Audi automobiles are superior in quality and cars made to last. Besides body frame, even the space frame and engine, all are building using high quality materials. Furthermore, the design and layout of the automobile are attractive and unique. Audi refused to adopt the traditional rear-wheel drive layout favored by its two arch rivals Mercedes-Benz and BMW, preferring either front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive. Besides, Audi also have a deep length of product line. Audi Company target both upper class and middle class customers by producing normal sedan cars to sports cars and even MPV cars. The models are classified into normal Audi cars, Audi coupà ©s and SUVs, S (Sport) and RS (RennSport/Racing) models. With each of these category lines, Audi came out various models with different design and specification so that it can further penetrate the market of automobiles. Additionally, Audi also apply branding strategy where the brand of Audi symbolizes the four overlapping rings. The four rings represent the four labels of Auto Union: Audi, DKW, Horch, and Wanderer. Place Under marketing mix strategy, place actually is refer to distribution of the product. This means that all aspects which related to how goods and services are transfer from the producer to the end consumer. This also indicates that how is the coordination of wholesalers or retailers involved in moving those products from head office, factory or warehouse, to the end consumer. Audi sites comprise the two German plants in the worldwide network, which are in Ingolstadt and Neckarsulm. There are seven production facilities which are in China, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Slovakia, Spain and Belgium. The channels using by Audi is from producer to distributor to wholesaler to dealer and to customer. Euromobil Sdn Bhd is one of the distributors for Audi who buys large quantities of Audi cars from manufacturer and then creates smaller units and delivers the cars to their customer. It opened a state-of-the-art Audi Hangar which cost around RM30 million to provide as a one-stop centre for Audi customers. With well-equipped work bays, Euromobil intend to provide a complete services support and convenience to Audi customers. Audi also expanded its distribution network by opening a brand new showroom in the financial capital which located in Mumbai. Car dealers are important in promoting and selling their products. A dealer network and team understand what a brand, product, enterprise, competition and consumers really mean is the key to Audis success in marketing. Audi City London is an innovative dealership experience delivered by one of the most advanced technology retail environment. This digital environment features multi-touch display help configuring Audi vehicle from millions of possible combinations. This will help people place greater emphasis on a direct personal bond of trust with their vehicle brand. In addition, Audi are very convenience to access, there are sold in specialized outlets, shopping mall and also major department stores. For example, there was an Audi Display zone from 31 August to 2 September 2012 at Orion Mall, Malleswaram. Therefore, people will easily get the latest information about Audi and can easily get them. Market Opportunities Audi was known as one of the top automobile producer in the world for its sports series cars and also normal sedans which are the dream cars of almost all car owners. By just relying on the current market will not be sufficient for the rapidly changing customer preferences but to come up with new innovative ideas to maintain and expand its market opportunities. We discovered a way that Audi Company might find it useful way in grabbing its market opportunity by modifying its cars especially the S (sports) and RS (RennSport/Racing) models to strengthen the image of the company by building fantastic sports series cars that no one ever built. To be outstanding, Audi must produce car which beyond what everyone is doing which is having a jet powered engine with the complement of rocket building material which are able to withstand intensive heat and even can absorb large impact during collision, and the last one will be the fuelling system will be 100% eco-friendly and economical. The first step is to use a jet engine instead of the normal valve engine to be empowered its car. By applying the jet powered engine inside our sports cars which approximately will reach a speed of 450mph, it will replace Bugatti Veyron to be the fastest sports car in the world and lets name it as Audi TurBoo. It is a limited edition product. Although Audi TurBoo is such a high velocity sports car it still can withstand a large impact when collide with object. To complement its high velocity, Audi company should joint venture with one of the rocket building company that supply rocket and rocket spare parts to NASA- Rockwell International company, by having their supply on building material, technology and labor power (expertise) they can build the car chesses using titanium and aluminum to help keep the car weight down which contributes to faster velocity and higher resistance against any impact. Furthermore, the car body will be build using the same material but in the middle of the two pieces of metal it contains the Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) and thermal tiles which are the components that provide for the most heat protection for a during breaking through our atmosphere and out to space, these material are used where reentry temperature exceeds 1,260  °C (2,300  °F). For the last thing that customer ever considers about is the fueling system. The fuel is cheaper than the price of a liter of petrol can cost. First of all, for the fuel part, the cars are going to run on liquid hydrogen and oxygen, Hydrogen, a light and extremely powerful propellant it has the lowest molecular weight of any known substance and burns with extreme intensity (5,500 °F). In combination with an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen yields the highest specific impulse, or efficiency in relation to the amount of propellant consumed, of any known propellant and yet they also are storable, transportable, reliable, less complex and the most important thing is it just 98cents per gallon. Other than modifying a sports car, Audi should form a subsidiary company to target younger middle market which is the majority population. The subsidiary company adopts operation of the parents company and is under the supervision of Audi. We suggest that the name of the new subsidiary company to be JIMT, this name is created based on the initial of four founders of the new subsidiary company and it is easy to be pronounced and remembered. JIMT Atom is a mini sized economical car produce under Audi Company which target at young and upper-middle class buyers. The small but perfectly formed JIMT Atom takes the small luxury car spoils for comfortable compare to other mini sized car. On the move, it makes consumer feels as solid and composed as Audis bigger and more expensive models vehicle, while the petrol and diesel engine delivers a strong blend of performance and economy. As despite its premium image, Audi would not cost a fortune to run this project. An attractively priced, low tax bills, rock-solid resale values and pre-paid servicing package help Audi keep running costs to a minimum level. Besides, standard feature of JIMT Atom include LED interior lighting package, Xenon plus headlamps, light and rain sensor as well as automatic air conditioning. The LED interior lighting provides several alternatives of lighting for the interior of JIMT Atom. Furthermore, Xenon plus headlamps use less energy consumption and last longer than standard dipped lights. The light, rain and air condition sensor is an optional feature in which headlights, wiper and air condition function automatically according to the weather. Among the advantages of owning a small car like JIMT Atom is fuel saving because it consumes lesser fuel and energy without affecting the performance standard. As many people emphasize on maneuverability of vehicles, small cars are easier to control and are much easier to park in crowded parking spaces. Moreover, JIMT Atom is able to pick up speed more quickly than other heavier vehicles. Recommendations To implement the market opportunities that mentioned above, Audi Company is suggested to hire world famous celebrity to be the spokesperson of their developed products. Celebrities not only bring enormous impact toward their adorers but also influence the publics purchasing behaviour. The reason behind this phenomena is because public has the psychological perception that a product is of superior quality with the renowned spokesperson. This also indirectly promotes the new innovated products through the spokespersons popularity. For instance, we suggest Audi Company to hire a young pop star such as Girls Generation, Justin Bieber and Hyuna to advertise JIMT Atom. JIMT Company will sponsor JIMT Atom to the contracted spokesperson for the usage in his/her concert, movie or music video. By this way, the rate of exposure of JIMT Atom will be higher rather than displaying in the traditional showroom. Therefore, the chain effect of hiring young pop star is increase in sales by obtaining support from younger generation as they would like to imitate their idols trend. Moreover, increasing rate of exposure leads to strong brand position and preference which caused JIMT Atom to become the first brand choice whenever the public think of buying a vehicle. As for Audi TurBoo, we would like to recommend Audi Company to hire a famous racer such as Michael Schumacher and sponsor him a brand new Audi TurBoo for racing competition. With his professional skills and techniques, we are pretty sure that this sports car best suited him as he has the capability to bring out the innate qualities of Audi TurBoo. Thus, the strengths of this product are explicitly revealed and intensely impress the public. Hence, public confidence towards Audi Company will be greatly boosted making the reliability of Audis product to be increase undoubtedly. In order to obtain higher profit, we propose Audi Company to organize a tour which permits Audis loyal customer to have a visit at Audis manufacturing department with the main objective to deliver the information about Audis high credibility and guaranteed product quality. Potential customers will have the opportunity to recognize the utmost effort of Audis management before a product is being commercialized to the market. Paying a visit to the manufacturing department also allows the visitors to witness the conscientiousness of Audis workers in accomplishing their tasks. In return, loyal supporters will definitely transform as advocators and circulate the good name of Audi to the people whom they associate. Since buying a vehicle is a high involvement purchasing decision, inviting potential customers for a tour to the manufacturing department, in fact, is helping them to collect as much information as possible which they absolutely need in making a purchasing decision. By comparing the information gathered, customers can easily differentiate the merits of JIMT Atom or Audi TurBoo with other similar products such as Mini Cooper Coupe, Volkswagen Beetle, BMW Z4 coupe and Lamborghini Gallardo. As for the welfare of potential customers, this may assist them in making a right investment decision as well as improve customer satisfaction. As mentioned, Audi TurBoo is a limited edition product in which its core purpose is to enhance the brand image rather than gain profit because of its high technological product which signifies a logo of success. Although Audi TurBoo is unaffordable for majority, producing Audi TurBoo will not cause a penny loss to the company but instead the up surged brand image boost up the sales of other products of Audi, a few example, JIMT Atom, Audi R8 and Audi A6. Audi TurBoo symbolizes the highest achievement of prestige automobile industry, resulting Audi Company as the quality leader and placing Audi in the most competitive position in continuous motion. In a nutshell, we strongly recommend Audi to set up subsidiary company- GIMT and produce GIMT Atom under the umbrella of Audi and implement the concept of Audi TurBoo into practice to enhance the sales of all ranges of Audi products. Conclusion In summary, Audi Company fully utilized the 4Ps marketing mix strategies to produce their products with its luxurious, exclusive capability to display style and comfort together to improve customers satisfaction and attract new customers. Audi keep tracks with the needs and wants of the people and designs its cars to meet the requirements of the people to gain sales for its company. Moreover, Audi has shown its significant progress in the field of technological innovations and superiority as it puts a lot of attentiveness and effort to success in automobile industry. The Audi Company also employed workers who are dedicated and hardworking and those workers really formed Audi excellently with their innovative, creative and class-apart design. From this assignment, we can understand and gain more knowledge about 4Ps marketing mix strategies. Besides that, we also know that how important marketing strategy and marketing mix for a company to success in the market and also the way how company can use marketing mix effectively to sustain competitively in the market. Through this assignment, we also know that creativity and innovative in developing new products is very important to gain competitive advantages among its competitors. 3483words

moralhf Essays - The Moral Vistory in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Moral Vistory in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a perfect example of how one's heart and morals can change in difficult situations. Huck's journey down the Mississippi River tested him to his limits of being able to handle situations in the way which he had been raised. Huck shows that how one is raised is something that will impact them tremendously in the rest of their life and that it is hard to change from what you've been molded into. Early in the novel Huck shows how much of a rebellious and joking boy he truly is. "I put out the light and I scrambled out of the window...,"(pg. 17) says Huck. Huck, at a young age, began getting himself into many difficult situations, such as escaping from the cave in Tom Sawyer. Huck often has a hard time abiding by rules, keeping himself out of trouble, and comprehending the things he has been taught. However, he does learn one thing, that he is better than the Negroes. So, as young boys, Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer spend a g ood bit of their time playing tricks on Ms. Watson's slave, Jim. "He slipped Jim's hat off his head and hung it on a limb right over him...,"(pg. 19) tricks like these which Huck is never punished for are part of what confirm the teaching that he is in fact better than blacks. This conditioning as a young child is what makes it difficult for him to deal with Jim as an equal later in life. Once on the river Huck has a much more difficult time as he not only has to deal with Jim but also the King and Duke who join them on their journey. The King and Duke's actions around Huck make him realize that he needs to change his morals. When Huck realizes that the King and Duke are impostors his learning experience begins. "It didn't take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn't no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds." This statement shows that Huck has feelings about the King and Duke that show that his morals are of the kind which will not self ishly go against other's trust.

Similarities And Differences Of Buddha And Christ

Religion is somewhat important to a lot of people around the world. It helps us guide in our everyday life. To follow the beliefs and traditions brings faith to whatever religion we are into. In our era today, we come up with a lot of religions and two of the major religions are Buddhism and Christianity. Buddha specifically said not to believe to the things that is passed on and that we’re just written down etc. on face value. He did not urge us to put faith just in texts, or enough faith in their value to trawl through them-quite the opposite.What we’ve known is that, all Buddhist school agrees that one’s salvations from suffering are in one’s own hands. Siddharta Gautama was born into a royal family in the sixth century B. C. His experiences when he was a young adult with the outside world sent him to look out a greater understanding of life and spiritual understanding. Siddhartha achieved the powerful enlightenment through seeking guidance. He was know n as the Buddha from that point which means â€Å"the Enlightened One†.From then on and for the rest of his life, Buddha traveled from great distances to teach people about the one path of salvation. His pupils continued to extend his teachings after Buddha’s death. Hinduism, the most widespread religion in India, had become tightly controlled when Buddhism developed. And today, Buddha’s teachings still followed by a lot of people throughout the world. â€Å"Christ† as the identification, Jesus is not accepted within Judaism.Christians are called â€Å"Nazarenes† in Talmudic Hebrew because in the New Testament, Jesus is described in as being from the city of Nazareth. Being a â€Å"Christian,† one has to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, some believe that an individual must attend a mass and go to church and participate in baptism. Death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is necessary to others, instead of a belief and acceptance in their life. â€Å"Nicene Creed† is the ancient text, which some theologians consider a Christian who accepts this.This is accepted by the Orthodox, Anglicans, Catholics, Lutherans and the rest of the mainline Protestant Churches. In spite of important differences of interpretation and opinion, Christians share a set of beliefs that they hold as essential to their faith. The resurrection of Jesus Christ is considered and said to be the cornerstone of their faith among all Christians and the most important event in human history. Within the body of Christian beliefs, the death and resurrection of Jesus are the two most core events on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend.Christians commemorated these essential doctrines of the Christian faith during Good Friday and Easter Sunday, particularly during liturgical time of Holy Week. One wrote, â€Å"If Christ was not raised, then all our preaching is useless, and your trust in god is useless. † Christians believe th at one can be saved from sin and have eternal death through faith in Jesus. The Gospel of John said that He â€Å"takes away the sins of the world†. One’s reception of salvation is related to justification. Generally, Christian churches accept and teach the New Testament account of the resurrection of Jesus.A lot of people believe that Christ may have been inspired by Buddhism, and that the texts of the Nag Hammadi and Gospel of Thomas influence this. Apparently, It has also been asserted that the story of the birth of the Buddha was well known in the West, and it was influenced the story of the birth of Jesus. The two major religions which are Buddhism and Christianity are compared and emphasized their differences by a lot of scholars, perceived similarities in the teachings in the spiritual intent and practices.It is said to be that it may be the result of a direct or indirect influence of Buddhism on early Christianity, or arising from separate but similar developme nts, or remain divided whether the religious parallels are coincidental. Jesus is not mentioned in any Buddhist text and so, Buddhist views of Jesus differ. â€Å"That there are startling coincidences between Buddhism and Christianity that cannot be denied, and it must likewise be admitted that Buddhism existed at least 400 years before Christianity.I go even further, and should extremely grateful if anybody would point out to me those historical channels through which Buddhism had influenced early Christianity. † Buddha the new born prince is adored and predicted by seer Asita and is celebrated his birth. Jesus the new born prince is adored and predicted by seers â€Å"from the east† who celebrated his birth. Buddhist Trinity (Tiratna) and Baptism: â€Å"I take refuge, Lord, in the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the Sangha. † â€Å"Enough, I say, with this external bath. I am satisfied with this internal bath: confidence in the Blessed One. â€Å"Jesus Trinity and B aptism is written as follows: â€Å"baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit†. Lastly, if there are any similarities and differences on people, the faith and respect to each other’s religions is still one of the most important things that should always be present to anyone whether in a Catholic teaching, in Buddhism, or any form of religion. R E F E R E N C E S Woodhead, L. An Introduction to Christianity. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Lopez, D. S. Jr. (2001) The Story of Buddhism: A Concise Guide to its History & Teachings. New york: Hyper Collins Publishers Inc

Current Issues in Nursing Essay Example

Current Issues in Nursing Essay Example Current Issues in Nursing Essay Current Issues in Nursing Essay Ph. D. and Ann L. Curley, Ph. D. , R. N. The challenges of operating 24/7, focusing on scheduling, training, and staffing. Despite projections that nursing is one of the top ten growth jobs for the next 15 years, our health care system is on the verge of an overwhelming nurse shortage and health care crisis. Adding to the problem is the fact that hospitals and many other health care facilities are extended hours operations that face unique challenges unknown to the 9-5 world. Hazards for nurses discussed in the book: * Health care shows the second highest turnover rate of all â€Å"extended hours† industries * Nursing is one of the ten industries with the highest levels of occupational injury or illness requiring days away from work. * The most prevalent injuries in nursing are musculoskeletal disorders and needlestick injuries. In 89% of needlesticks, the needle was contaminated. * Work related fatigue prompted nearly 20% of nurses to cite â€Å"having an accident while commuting back home† as one of the top three jobs related health and safety risks. * Nurses show high instances of sleep disorders severely affecting productivity. * High failure and short staffing severely affect quality of patient care. ?Problems With Nursing Informatics By: Heidi Cardenas Informatics is the process of advancing in a discipline with a combination of data, information and knowledge. Nursing informatics encompasses the devices, machines, resources, and methods of utilizing information, computers, and nursing science in nursing. Its a recognized specialty for registered nurses, but does present challenges that academics and medical practitioners are working to improve or eliminate. Significance * In 2007, the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force estimated that 50 percent of a nurses time is spent on documentation. Because of explosive strides in information technology and the huge body of medical knowledge amassed, controlling medical errors and health care costs are paramount in the health care professions, including nursing. According to RN Journal, handwriting on a piece of paper has been largely replaced by reports from medical devices at the point of care, and nurses have to master electronic documentation. Function * Nursing documentation is complex and situation-dependent. With different technology and medical charting methods in use, consistent education and training on documentation is difficult to achieve, especially electronically. Considerations * There is no single device that generates a comprehensive patient record, stores it and makes it accessible to care providers in different locations. Bar codes on medicines, computerized physician order-entry, automated scheduling systems for nurse administrators, nursing student preparation for IT tools and HIPAA concerns are just a few of the problems in nursing informatics. Potential * Mobile devices, communication technologies, efficient applications, and enhanced workflow and documentation will be the norm going forward and in the future. Ideally, every nurse would learn a universal IT platform for all patient care, but that is an almost unobtainable goal with the rapid advances in research, medicine and information technology. One thing is certainnursing and information technology are integrally intertwined and will remain so in the future. ? Occupational Health and Safety Issues Among Nurses in the Philippines By: A. B. de Castro, PhD, MSN/MPH, RN, Suzanne L. Cabrera, MN, RN, Gilbert C. Gee, PhD, Kaori Fushijiro, PhD and Eularito A. Tagalog, RN, COHN Abstract * Nursing is a hazardous occupation in the United States, but little is known about workplace health and safety issues facing the nursing work force in the Philippines. In this article, work-related problems among a sample of nurses in the Philippines are described. Cross-sectional data were collected through a self-administered survey during the Philippine Nurses Association 2007 convention. Measures included four categories: work-related demographics, occupational injury/illness, reporting behavior, and safety concerns. Approximately 40% of nurses had experienced at least one injury or illness in the past year, and 80% had experienced back pain. Most who had an injury did not report it. The top ranking concerns were stress and overwork. Filipino nurses encounter considerable health and safety concerns that are similar to those encountered by nurses in other countries. Future research should examine the work organization factors that contribute to these concerns and strengthen policies to promote health and safety. ?The National Nursing Crisis: 7 Strategic Solutions By: Jaime Z. Galvez Tan M. D. , M. P. H. Introduction At the rate we are losing monthly our highly skilled nurses to the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands, and with the Philippine government, via the Department of Health raising its hands in helplessness, offering no strategic solutions in sight, expect a worsening of the health crisis already plaguing our country. It is not only the nurses the country is losing, our medical doctors are now enrolling in nursing schools offering an abbreviated course for doctors to become nurses. ? Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing By: Jenifer Wilson-Barnett Abstract. Nurses are increasingly realizing that they can offer relevant information and participate in decision-making involving ethical issues. However, inter-professional communications are frequently inadequate, and do not permit exchange of opinions. The consequences are often frustrating and upsetting for nurses whose care is affected by others policies. ? Unemployment * The Professional Regulation Commission estimates the number of jobless Filipino nurses to hit 298,000 this year, to include the 68,000 who took the local licensure exam in December. ? RN Heals Department Order No. 2012-0184 (DO 2012-0184). * The Order speaks of the following interesting points: * RNheals nurses are not ‘employed’ but rather are intended for learning and development. Nurses under the program are not regular employees but pre-service trainees. They are given stipend/allowances not salaries. * RNheals 4 tour of duty will be from January to December 2013. Nurses will be assigned in DOH Hospitals (Hospital Setting) or Rural Health Units (Community Setting). Stipend/allowance for RN Heals 2013 is still 8,000 per month with PhilHealth and GSIS Insurance. * Nurses are to be awarded with Certificate of Completion after satisfactorily completing the RNheals program. * RN Heals 4 Recruitment and selection period will be from October 29, 2012 to November 2012. * Application forms shall be submitted directly to CHDs for community setting and DOH Hospitals for hospital setting. * ONLY NURSES WITH PRC LICENSE are eligible to apply. * Nurses who have previously engaged in RNHeals are not qualified to re-enter the project. * In case of absences, a fixed amount of Php 363. 00 per day shall be deducted. * Stipend shall be given on or before every 10th and 25th day of the month. * Eight training hours per day shall be completed by the nurse.

buy custom Health as Expanding Consciousness essay

buy custom Health as Expanding Consciousness essay Introduction of back ground This research is centered on HEC model in the long term care acute setting. Long-term care acute is a hospital setting that cares for patients that are discharged from the acute hospital setting for extended medical and rehabilitative care those with various acute or chronic health problems. Acute care is a stem of secondary health care, where a patient obtains dynamic, yet temporary healing for a cruel damage or incident of sickness, an insistent medical state, or throughout recuperation from operation. In therapeutic terms, care for acute health situations, is the contrary of persistent care, or long-standing care. Acute care examinations are normally executed by teams of health care experts from a selection of therapeutic and surgical spheres. Acute care might urges the patient for a stay in a hospital emergency division, ambulatory operation center, urgent care section or other temporary stay center, together with the aid of analytical services, operation, or record outpatient care within the society.Hospitals dealing with acute care naturally have the target of releasing patients, the moment they are considered to be well and secure. Acute care locales comprise but are not restricted to: emergency sector, intensive care division, coronary-heart care, cardiology unit, and numerous wide-ranging aspects where the patient might turn out to be intensely in poor health and need soothing and relocation to a different senior reliance division for advance treatment. Most number of patients are elderly with preexisting health conditions. Examples of diagnosis of the patients are HIV, diabetes, arthritis, Anarsaca, C-diff, MRSA, respiratory failure, pneumonia, cancer, wound infection, CHF and COPD just to mention a few. Based on this setting the primary focus has been on the patients physical needs although it is acknowledged that the patient has emotional and spiritual components. The approach is of the treatment of disease, fixing a patients problem and focusing on the outcomes instead of looking at the patient as a whole. The health care system is currently struggling out of the medical paradigm. The medical paradigm has dominated in the health care system thereby crippling nursing to consider and focus its responsibilities from the medical stand point of view. It has been regarded as the only lens through which to view the care of patients (Zust, 2006).The paradigm of health is viewed as the absence of disease that has resulted to view those without health as inferior (Newman, 1999). The futility of always trying to make people well or prevent of their getting sick was transcended by this concept of health (Picard Jones, 2005, p.xiv) Health as expanding consciousness can be applied to the long term care acute and different settings in the health care for those whose health without of disease is not possible. Health of all people is included regardless of the presence or absence of the disease (Newman, 2011). The nurse has a more holistic view of the clients health experience (Newman, 1999). This research paper will discuss about the purpose of the HEC, the overview of the theory, the review of literature, the synthesis of the theory, the application of the model and conclusion. Purpose of study The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the HEC model and its application in the long term acute setting. The model is focused on the nurse and client relationship in examining and identifying client behavioral patterns. (The process of identifying the clients unfolding pattern). Nurses who embrace this theory are contributing to the significance of nursing theory and we will be discussed the significant rewards that can be attained using this model and will discuss how this relates to the patient through pattern recognition and could be used in the long term care setting . In addition, benefits realized by employing this model are discussed in relation to patients through pattern recognition in a LTC setting. The wholistic acceptance of the HEC model by nurses may lead to meaningful and transformative relationship between nurses and clients while ignoring the clients different views on health. Both the participating clients and nurses lives have been transformed due to the adoption of the HEC model. The center of Newmans theory of health as expanding consciousness sheds light on q surfacing channel for all health-oriented regulations. Through the pursuit for accepting the trend of health, this exceptional perception of health, defies nurses to create a distinction and an impression in nursing observation, via the submission of this premise. Significance of purpose Nurses may hold on to this unitary standpoint, and go through important transformative association with their customers, apart from each clients opinion on health. The significance of nursing care and that knowledge of nursing are distinct from knowledge of medicine. The nurses who embrace health as expanding consciousness are contributing to nursing care. HEC has made a difference in the lives of the participating clients and also the lives of the nurses who are themselves transformed. The impact of these HEC based care models have promoted patient comfort, enriched practice, increased nurse satisfaction, and promoted theory guided patient care. A human being in every circumstance, regardless of how chaotic and desperate, is a key entity of the collective method of expanding consciousness. The expanding consciousness depicts a practice, in which a person regains his actual self, as he acquires superior significance in his life and those around him. In an individuals quest for him/her genuine self, the persons consciousness expands to involve the concerns and benefits of those people surrounding him and everything else. Self-wakefulness might ultimately bring about recognition of one's self and one's conditions and restraints. With self-consciousness and self-approval, a thoroughly perception of one's status might overlay the route for an individual to employ into activities resulting in constructive development excellence. Overview of the theory Health as a Whole Person as unitary being resulted in the new view of health that eliminates the view of health and disease as dichotomies. Health and disease are not separate entities (George, 2011). Health and illness should be viewed equally as expressions of the life process with the understanding of life process in its totality (Newman, 1999). Reconsideration of the synthesized view that incorporates disease as meaningful aspect of health means that health includes disease and disease includes health revealing a new concept of health as a pattern of the whole (Newman, 1999). Health as a pattern of a whole is consistent with the theory of implicate and explicate models. Implicate includes the unseen or basis of all things and explicate includes the tangible of our world, the things we can see, touch, hear, feel which are so much real than the unseen that we think the explicate order is the primary but the opposite is true the implicate is the primary. The explicate arises periodically from the imp licate like waves appearing and disappearing on the surface of the ocean. The explicate, whatever form it may take is temporary manifestation of a total undivided pattern. In the context of the theory of implicate order the manifest health, encompassing disease and non-disease can be regarded as the explication of the underlying pattern of person-environment (Newman, 1999). Observable phenomenon like body temperatures, blood pressure, heart rate, immune reactions, diet, exercise, family relations are explicate manifestations of the pattern of the whole. Viewing these manifestations as reflections of the underlying, dynamic pattern makes it possible for us to see the pattern of the whole and thereby begin to understand it, seeing health and illness as a unitary process, a fluctuating pattern of rhythmic phenomenon (Newman, 1999). Sickness can provide a kind of shock that reorganizes the relationship of the persons pattern in a more harmonious way. For example, consider the function o f a high fever or an emotional crisis, or the accident that occurs at a particular crucial time. These and other critical incidents may provide the shock that facilitates a jump from one pattern to another presumably at a higher level of organization. If disease is viewed as something negative to be avoided or eliminated, we may be ruling out the factor that can bring about the unfolding of the life process that the person is naturally seeking. Illness may accomplish for people what they secretly want but are not able to acknowledge even to themselves (Newman, 1999). The paradigm shift pattern is from treatment of symptoms to a search for patterns; from viewing pain and disease as negative to view that pain and disease are information; from seeing the body as a machine in good or bad refers to seeing the body as dynamic field of energy continuous with larger field, from seeing disease as an entity to seeing it as a process (Newman, 1999). Viewing disease as a manifestation of patter n can help people become aware of their pattern of person-environment interaction. The insight that is gained can be transforming, both for the person and for the family (George, 2011). A New Paradigm of Health Disease is viewed as the manifestation of health. To view disease as health dichotomous of polarized view of health and disease. Referring to the diagram it illustrated a new synthesized view. Disease fuses with its opposite, absence of disease, and non-disease and brings forth a new concept of health. This would mean that health includes disease and disease includes health (Newman, 2011). Concepts of HEC Newmans hypothesis reproduces a paradigm shift. Vital is the notion that sickness is not a different task; however is an element of a developing model of patient-setting interface. The four major concepts in nursings metaparadigm in health as an expanding consciousness are health, person, nursing and environment. Health as expanding consciousness is the pattern of the whole. Health includes disease and disease includes health resulting in a synthesis of disease and no disease. Disease is a meaningful aspect of health (Newman, 1999). Heath and disease are not separate entities but are each reflections of the larger whole (Newman, 199, p. 9). This wholeness cannot be gained or lost but the patterns of wholeness can take on different forms (Brown, 2011) Human or person are unitary with the environment with no boundaries and identified by their patterns. Human beings are open systems constantly interacting and evolving with each other and the environment. Human are continuously active in evolving their own pattern of the whole which is health (Newman, 2011). Humans are intuitive, affective and cognitive being more than the sum of their parts (George, 2011). Caring is a moral imperative for nursing and it reflects the whole of the person and requires one to be open. Wihout caring nursing does not occur (George, 2011). Environment is the universe of open systems interacting with person in an evolving pattern which is viewed as a process of expanding consciousness. It is also the pattern of consciousness (Newman, 1999). Assumptions of HEC Consciousness is the information of the pattern of the whole and further defined as informational capacity of a person to interact with the environment which can be seen in the quality and diversity of interactions between persons and their environment. Consciousness is not just something individual possess but individuals are consciousness but individual are consciousness as all matter is (Brown, 2011). Expanding consciousness is viewed as a process whereby a person becomes more of one self, finds greater meaning in life and reaches new connectedness with other people and the world in which they live (Brown, 2011). Pattern is a central aspect of nursing practice and research. Each person has a unique pattern of interaction between self and environment. Insight into patterns provides information of life meaning and understanding of the whole. Movement, space, time, and consciousness are a synthesis of pattern. The interaction between nurse-client processes for recognizing pattern tha t focuses on relationship, events, interaction and the meaning of these in peoples lives (Brown, 2011). Identifying and recognizing patterns opens new possibilities for action and expansion of consciousness. Pattern recognition is by the observer, the nurse relates and resonates with the client through periods of disequilibrium and chaos until a new rhythm emerges from the client center of consciousness leading into the identification of the old patterns leads to possibilities of new patterns or interaction and relationships that are indicative of expanding consciousness and therefore increasing health (Brown, 2011). Disorganization relates to change in pattern. Pattern becomes more highly organized as information increases though sometimes information such as illness does not fit into the existing pattern and pattern becomes less orderly, disorganized. Disorganization provides an indication that change is necessary. Disorganization and choice may lead to transformation which is cha nge that occurs all at once rather than in a gradual and linear fashion (Newman, 1999). Disease is a process of life toward higher level of consciousness. Sometimes this process is smooth, pleasant or harmonious; other times it is difficult as in disease. Disease may be a way in which one gets in touch with his or her own pattern, it may provide an important disequilibrium in the growth process and therefore may be regarded as a facilitator of that process (Newman, 1999). Movement, time and space are merging patterns of consciousness that represent the person as a center of consciousness. Movement is a means whereby the space and time become a reality and therefore is a means of becoming aware of self. Time is a function of movement that relates the rhythm of living phenomenon. Time is the unbounded three-dimensional expanse in which all matter exists (Newman, 1999). Literature Review The theory of health as expanding consciousness branches from Rogers hypothesis of elementary individuals.Rogers suppositions as regards to the modeling of human beings in communication with the surroundings are essential to the perception that consciousness is a demonstration of a growing approach of contact between the person and his environment. Consciousness is identified as the informational aptitude of the organism (in this case, the person); namely, the capacity of the structure to interrelate with his surroundings (Bentov, 1978). Consciousness involves not merely the cognitive and emotional wakefulness usually linked to consciousness, however, as well the integration of the whole existing human life, which comprises physiochemical preservation and development progressions in addition to immunity. This model of information, which is the consciousness of the individual, is a segment of a bigger, entire sample of a growing world. Rogers perseverance that health and sickness are just expressions of the metrical vacillations of the life course is the groundwork for perceiving health and illness as an elementary process, progressing through differences in regular-irregular. From this point of view, one can no longer consider health and sickness in the dichotomous pattern described by medical science; i.e., health as nonexistence of illness or health as a range from wellbeing to illness. Health is the same as the developing model of consciousness. An individual is defined by his/ her pattern, which reveals the model of the human being within the bigger model of the environment. The pattern is growing throughout diverse transformations of order/regular and disorder/irregular, counting what in daily talking is termed wellbeing and sickness. Pattern recognition surfaces from a course of detecting significance and meaning in a humans existence. Meaning is intrinsic in pattern, and the other way round holds true. David Bohms theory of actuality as unbroken entirety, maintains the perception of health and sickness being a whole process (Bohm, 1980). Bohm speculates an unobserved, core model, termed the associate order, as the chief order of realism. All the concrete objects of the universe are clarifications of the associate or implicate order. Illness, and all further evident expressions of individual operation, can be viewed as the explanation of the implicate or associate order. From this viewpoint, sickness is deemed a manifestation of the unity of the fundamental model, not a disconnected body. The observation of health as the growing pattern of the whole needs a non-disconnected universal recognition. Disease and healthiness are merely distinct perspectives of a bigger truth. They cannot be detached from the whole, but under a disconnected pattern of seeing them. The state of affairs that takes a human being to the notice of a nurse, reflects a time in peoples life whenever the traditional regulations dont any longer function, an occasion when a person should possess a preference. The mission is to hear how things operate, to determine the new set of laws, and to progress into a further stage of being, and consideration. Both Gregory Bateson (1979) and Arthur Young (1976) accentuated this charge, as the reason of existence. It represents the root of conditions, in which nursing can aid people in their quest for realization of the developing and rising pattern within and of their lives. A human circulates into phases of awareness, including the deprivation from freedom in the expansion of self-character, in anticipation of a defining moment (Young, 1976). At the moment, the aspects that held true and executed in the past, do not any longer function. What was measured as progress is not anymore deemed as evolution. It is at this juncture, that the purpose is to acquire the new regulations. There is an understanding of self-restraint that leads the makeover that makes it likely to surpass oneself in evolving consciousness. The affinity of the nurse-patient affiliation, smoothes the progress of this insight and change. The conversion that takes place at the defining moment might be identified from the position of Ilya Prigogines theory of change (Prigogine, Allen Herman, 1977). Prigogine declares that the customary variations of deterministic methods interrelate with likelihood occasions to produce a type of massive vacillation that thrusts the structure to a further, superior level of association and performance. Disarray and confusion exert a pressure on the living system, and is opposed by the structure. If the power of the variation is adequate, the system is urged to alter and penetrate a provisionally disordered state, into an upper order. Transformation happens when the human being deviates from balance. The action at the decisive end of the fluctuation has the prospective to go off in various directions, and it is not viable to recognize which path it will take. Sometime, one course triumphs over, and a new order is modeled. Movement during the stage of disturbance, ineffectiveness and indecision, is aided by the company of a caring and thoughtful other. Present research certifies the significance of a nurses compassionate affiliation with the customer or patient in permitting the progression of expanding consciousness to disclose. The physical condition of a human being is awhole aspect, a surfacing model of human-surroundings (Rogers, 1970). Existence is a course of expanding consciousness. Consciousness is the informational capacity of the human being, and can be perceived in the value of communication amongst the system and his environment (Bentov, 1978). The explicate order reflects a demonstration of the implicate order (Bohm, 1980). Newman refers to Bentov (1978) as identifying consciousness as the informational capacity of the system, and affirmed, this system has the capacity to interact with the environment (Newman, 1999). The structure does not comprise of only reflection and expressive consciousness, but also embraces all the relational elements that subsist between an individual, involving the complete continuum of biochemical operations, and the bigger, expanding model of the world (Newman, 1999). Newman quotes Rogers perception that health and disease are enclosed within what is named a unitary or whole route, purely signifying that human beings are correlated to the larger universe (Newman, 1999). Health and disease are not anymore viewed or deemed as a facet of a range, and no longer disconnected. Synthesis of the theory and the approach chosen The Essentials of Masters Education for Advanced Practice Nursing (American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 1996) authorizes that APNs (advanced practice nurse), counting NPs, employ conjectures from nursing and additional occupations in medical activity, and that concern stresses on the whole of a persons health and illness experiences (AACN, 1996). By permitting the nursing clinician to develop a comprehensive and holistic approach to healthcare (AACN, 1996), APNs are guided to implement nursing theories in healthcare communities. Margaret Newmans nursing conjecture, Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC), is suggested to direct primary care approach within this scheme. For those who are not acquainted with Newmans theory, HEC needs a wider, more embracing perception, and less disconnected worldview to structure care. Opposite to the course of the biomedical pattern, Newmans theory is not directed and focused on interference. Newman deems her theory as an addition of Martha Rogers Science of Unitary Beings, which regards the modeling of individuals in contact with the surroundings as necessary to the notion that consciousness is a demonstration of a developing model of person-environment interaction (Newman). Fawcett (2001), LoBiondo-Wood Haber (2002), McEwen Wills (2002), and Robinson Kish (2002) categorize Newmans conjecture as an impressive theory. Impressive theories are wide in compass, and all-inclusive to cover all the perceptions that concern nursespersons, environment, and health (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2002). Newman categorized her theory as a whole-transformative imposing theory. The theory presumes that individuals are: 1) Whole beings that cannot be identified by the total of their components; 2) Autonomous and self-developing; 3) Incorporated in and intermingling with the bigger power structure accepted as the universe; 4) Identified for their patterns of being, models of energy, and sharpness from others (Newman, 1992). The thought that strength is a higher condition of consciousness, and disease is a lower condition of illness is inappropriate. One of the unique aspects of Newmans theory is the expanded dimension of the ways that nurses, and in the case of this paper FNPs, can become aware of what it is that they really know, and how it is that they know. Newman (1995) wrote that beyond the knowing the clients overall pattern is the process of sensing into ones own field. The FNP is required to be aware of the internal experience and trust that the information being received in the moment is valid. When the clinician does this, what develops is an increased capacity to be part of the healing energy that is created within the intentional relationship. It is necessary to reflect on the meaning and choice within the particular relationship with openness and curiosity. Inside HEC, the nurse-patient association is not divided or hierarchical; it is a corporation that urges the discovery of models that subsist for the humans experiences, amongst them are the state of wellbeing and expanding consciousness. Newman was inclined towards Teilhard de Chardins (1965) belief that a persons consciousness continues to develop beyond the physical life and becomes a part of the universal consciousness (Newman, 1999). Thus, sickness does not weaken a human being. If consciousness prolongs after bereavement, it appears that consciousness does not stop to increase with ill health. Since the NP is a nurse, the NPs task involves aiding the customer to comprehend the largely growing patterns. Symptoms are elements of the general pattern, and also, HEC is not founded on the requirements or interference. Meaning, the NP assists the client to view him or herself further than merely his or her condition. The pattern of health is a fraction of a wider portrait of existence and awareness. A strong unique feature of the premise is that NPs and patients feel the fact of being altered or transformed through this method. The nurse employs the member (patient) in a conversation regarding occurrences that are indispensable to them, and the nurse produces an opportunity for manifestation, consciousness, and probable insight (Picard Jones, 2005). Newman (1999) highlights that the traditional approach of nurse-patient affiliation was circulated around the thought that individuals are constituted of disconnected components of the biomedical structure. Mind, body, and soul are strongly associated and must not be deemed discretely from each other. (Hamric, Spross, Hanson, 2000). Holism acknowledges that the person is more than the sum of its parts (Smuts, 1926), operates as a single unit inside of the larger world, and cannot be fragmented into fixed units (Hamric, et al., 2000; Smuts, 1926). Every human being is a unique, intricate system within the broader st ructures of family, society, and world. In the biomedical scheme, the clinicians liability is to realize what is incorrectand to tackle the dilemma. When HEC directs activity, the aim is to comprehend what approach actually takes part, and involve the pattern as both clinician and patient expand consciousness. The standpoint realizes patient proficiency, and the significance of the sickness or health experience (Newman, 1999). Movement, deliberation, and pattern recognition are fundamental to attaining awareness. Application of the model on my setting The following is a case study by Margaret Newman. This case study accentuates and demonstrates what I have mentioned before in this section, as HEC model being vital for the long-term care setting. Even if a patient has got better and needed no more hospital, the nurses role is critical for his long-term assessment and welfare. Case Study John Castro, a 56-year-old white male, residing in Makati City, with his beloved wife Chelsie. They have three adult children who live next to them. Mr. Castro is a heavy smoker and has suffered angina for the last several years. He is now off for the weekend after an exhausting trip that he has had lately. His wife asks him to go to the store and get the necessary groceries in order for his wife to do him the food he prefers. John had to shovel the driveway before he kicks off to the store. While he was doing the shoveling, he started to feel a tightness in his chest, then the pain spread to his arm and jaw. Out of a sudden, his wife saw him collapsed and directly called 8888910. John had striked a Choice Point, and in order to hold up John while he is assessing his life, the nurse would supply appropriate information concerning nutrition and smoking cessation and work with him to expand suitable changes. The MI and near death experience had a great impact on John.He re-assessed his life and decided he had some major changes to to execute. John began exercising, consuming healthier food, and he decided to refrain from smoking. John diminished the long runs he took so that he could get better sleep more frequently. Nurses who form relationships with their clients can help them identify problematic patterns, move to a choicepoint, then to a higher level of consciousness, resultingin a reduction in problematic patterns of behavior. Assessment John : 57-year-old, white male, Hx of angina, Smoker, Truck Driver, Inactive lifestyle, Pooreating lifestyle, Poor sleeping lifestyle, wedded, with 3 grown-up children, resides in Makati (countryside area), Latest MI almost led to a probable death circumstance. Plan While valuing the patients choices, the nurse helps the patient in discovering resources fortransformation. Argue with patient possible alterations to identify health lifestyles that are no longer operating and discuss new ways to correlate them. Work with patient, not make your mind up on behalf of the client. Implement Client will reveal enhanced nutrition habits by implementing Food guide to Healthy Eating. Client will display improved physical activity while exercising 25 minutes every single day. Client will show better sleeping habits by resting at least 8hours/night. Client will express suitable employment of Nitro-glycerin, by keeping hold of a usable bottle continually. Client will initiate a smoking cessation plan. Evaluation The nurse checks up the patients changed connection, and how communication surmounted relationship and how the communication surmounted the health test. Client has shown enhanced nutrition lifestyle. Client has boosted physical activity. Client has proven ameliorated sleeping habits. Client has furthermore shown proper exploitation of Nitro-glycerin. Client has initiated a smoking termination. A novel acceptance has evolved on how his surroundings associate with his health. HEC practice is not focused on simply treating disease, but rather on attending to how the current situation fits into the patients evolving pattern of interaction with that which is meaningful to her or him, and how the patient chooses to move forward. It attends to the whole of a persons experience and being. It centers on recognizing life patterns. HEC practice gives insight not only to individual life patterns, but also to the pattern of the community interacting with the individual. Caring in the HEC perspective is nonjudgmental, noninterventionist, and involves being with rather than just doing for. It is caring in its deepest, most respectful sense The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible. Nurses often relate to such people: people facing the uncertainty, debilitation, loss and eventual death associated with chronic illness. The theory has progressed to include the health of all persons regardless of the presence or absence of disease. The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness a process of becoming more of oneself, of finding greater meaning in life, and of reaching new dimensions of connectedness with other people and the world. Nurses practicing within this perspective experience the joy of participating in the expanding process of others and find that their own lives are enhanced and transformed. Pattern recognition is central to both research and practice, which reflects a hermeneutic, dialectic praxis approach (George, 1995). Summary and conclusion Clarity Semantic precision is apparent in the descriptions, explanations, and dimensions of the theory notions. Simplicity The more profound connotation of the theory of health as expanding consciousness is composite. The entire theory must be comprehended, not just the remote notions. If a person desired to exploit a positivist practice, Newmans original suggestions would provide massive insights, as guides for theory progress. Nevertheless, investigators who tested that approach have decided that it is insufficient to scrutinize the theory. As Newman has supported in the 1994 publication of her book, Health as Expanding Consciousness, the holistic method of the hermeneutic dialectic approach is reliable with the theory and necessitates a significant level of consideration of the theory in observation (Tomey, 2006). Generality The notions in Newmans theory are wide in range, since they all involve health. The theory has been implemented in quite a few diverse civilizations, and is appropriate across the continuum of nursing care conditions. This makes her hypothesis comprehensive. Empirical Precision In the early phases of expansion, facets of the theory were employed and tested in an old scientific method. Nevertheless, quantitative methods are insufficient in confining the active, changing environment of this conjecture. Derivable Consequences The center of Newmans theory of health as expanding consciousness generates an evolving direction for all health-oriented controls. In the pursuit for comprehension of the trend of health, this exclusive perception of health, challenges nurses to deploy some distinction in nursing activity via the implementation of this theory. The nurse's task is to realize the peoples exceptional pattern of life, and to operate within that model with the individual to attain the person's objectives (Weingourt, 1998). Buy custom Health as Expanding Consciousness essay